• The Collection
  • The Kangyur
  • Discourses
  • General Sūtra Section

This rendering does not include the entire published text

The full text is available to download as pdf at:
https://read.84000.co/data/toh257_84000-the-quintessence-of-the-sun.pdf

ཉི་མའི་སྙིང་པོ།

The Quintessence of the Sun
Glossary

Sūryagarbha
འཕགས་པ་ཤིན་ཏུ་རྒྱས་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་སྡེ་ཉི་མའི་སྙིང་པོ་ཞེས་བྱ་བའི་མདོ།
’phags pa shin tu rgyas pa chen po’i sde nyi ma’i snying po zhes bya ba’i mdo
The Noble Very Extensive Sūtra “The Quintessence of the Sun”
Ārya­sūryagarbha­nāma­mahāvaipulya­sūtra
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Toh 257

Degé Kangyur, vol. 66 (mdo sde, za), folios 91.b–245.b

Translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee
under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha

First published 2022
Current version v 1.0.6 (2023)
Generated by 84000 Reading Room v2.17.7

84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha is a global non-profit initiative to translate all the Buddha’s words into modern languages, and to make them available to everyone.

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co.

Table of Contents

ti. Title
im. Imprint
co. Contents
s. Summary
ac. Acknowledgements
i. Introduction
tr. The Translation
+ 12 chapters- 12 chapters
1. Protection of the Sacred Dharma
2. The Messengers
3. The Dhāraṇī Mantras
4. The Purification of Karmic Actions
5. The Protection
6. Chapter Six
7. The Presentation of the Conjunctions of the Lunar Mansions
8. Chapter Eight
9. The Recollection of the Buddha
10. The Travel to Mount Sumeru
11. The Going for Refuge of the Nāgas
12. Conclusion
c. Colophon
n. Notes
b. Bibliography
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· Tibetan Sources
· Chinese Sources
· Secondary Sources
g. Glossary

s.

Summary

s.­1

The Quintessence of the Sun is a long and heterogeneous sūtra in eleven chapters. At the Veṇuvana in the Kalandakanivāpa on the outskirts of Rājagṛha, the Buddha Śākyamuni first explains to a great assembly the severe consequences of stealing what has been offered to monks and the importance of protecting those who abide by the Dharma. The next section tells of bodhisattvas sent from buddha realms in the four directions to bring various dhāraṇīs as a way of protecting and benefitting this world. While explaining those dhāraṇīs, the Buddha Śākyamuni presents various meditations on repulsiveness and instructions on the empty nature of phenomena. On the basis of another long narrative involving Māra and groups of nāgas, detailed teachings on astrology are also introduced, as are a number of additional dhāraṇīs and a list of sacred locations blessed by the presence of holy beings.


ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

This text was translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee under the supervision of Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche. Benjamin Collet-Cassart translated the text from Tibetan into English and wrote the introduction. Andreas Doctor compared the draft translation with the original Tibetan and edited the text.

The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.


The generous sponsorship of Jamyang Sun and Manju Sun, which helped make the work on this translation possible, is most gratefully acknowledged.


i.

Introduction

i.­1

The Quintessence of the Sun, which belongs to the General Sūtra section of the Kangyur, is a long and heterogeneous sūtra containing eleven chapters. At the Veṇuvana in the Kalandakanivāpa on the outskirts of Rājagṛha, the Buddha Śākyamuni first explains to a great assembly the severe consequences of stealing what has been offered to monks and the importance of protecting those who abide by the Dharma. The next section tells of bodhisattvas sent from buddha realms in the four directions to bring various dhāraṇīs as a way of protecting and benefitting this world. While explaining those dhāraṇīs, the Buddha Śākyamuni presents various meditations on repulsiveness and instructions on the empty nature of phenomena. On the basis of another long narrative involving Māra and groups of nāgas, detailed teachings on astrology are also introduced, as are a number of additional dhāraṇīs and a list of sacred locations blessed by the presence of holy beings.


The Translation
The Noble Very Extensive Sūtra
The Quintessence of the Sun

1.
Chapter One

Protection of the Sacred Dharma

[B1] [F.91.b]


1.­1

Homage to all buddhas and bodhisattvas!


Thus did I hear at one time. The Blessed One was residing in the Veṇuvana at the Kalandakanivāpa near Rājagṛha, surrounded and attended by an innumerable, limitless, and indescribable number of bodhisattva great beings who had arrived from countless other buddha realms of the ten directions. He was also surrounded and attended by an innumerable, limitless, and indescribable number of great hearers who had gathered there from different buddha realms of the ten directions. In the same way, an innumerable, limitless, and indescribable number of other beings who had arrived there from the various buddha realms of the ten directions‍—Śakra, Lord Brahmā, the rulers of the gods, the rulers of the nāgas, the rulers of the yakṣas, the rulers of the gandharvas, the rulers of the asuras, the rulers of the garuḍas, the rulers of the kinnaras, and the rulers of the mahoragas‍—filled all the pathways on the ground and in the sky throughout the entire buddha realm of Sahā. There also arrived an innumerable and limitless number of different gods from the desire and form realms, of nāgas, yakṣas, and rākṣasas, and of asuras, garuḍas, kinnaras, and mahoragas. Sitting in silence, they looked up at the Blessed One as he revealed how bodhisattva conduct quickly brings perfection and manifests like space and as he gave teachings on the mindfulness of breathing, which is the gateway to immortality, and the sublime states. [F.92.a] They filled all the pathways on the ground and in the sky throughout the entire buddha realm of Sahā.


2.
Chapter Two

The Messengers

2.­1

When the Blessed One had begun this discourse with King Bimbisāra on how to protect all those monks who abide by the Dharma, in the eastern direction, beyond countless buddha realms as numerous as the grains of sand in the Ganges, there was a world called Absence of Torment, where the thus-gone, worthy, perfect Buddha Campaka Color was residing, thriving, living well, and teaching the Dharma. In that buddha realm, the bodhisattva great being named Quintessence of the Sun’s Energy was sitting in the assembly of the blessed thus-gone Campaka Color in order to listen to the Dharma. At one point, as the bodhisattva great being Quintessence of the Sun’s Energy looked upward, he saw in the sky above that innumerable and countless bodhisattva great beings were departing from the east and proceeding toward the west. When he looked toward the west where those bodhisattva great beings were going, he saw a brilliant light. At that moment, he bowed down with his palms joined together in the direction of the Buddha Campaka Color and asked, “Respected Blessed One, I have seen in the sky above that innumerable and countless bodhisattva great beings are departing from the east and proceeding toward the west. I have also seen a brilliant light in the western direction. Why is this so?” [F.107.b]


3.
Chapter Three

The Dhāraṇī Mantras

3.­1

When King Bimbisāra saw the unprecedented sight of innumerable and limitless numbers of mahābrahmās, Śakras, Nārāyaṇas, and universal monarchs ruling over the four continents, he was utterly amazed. He stood up and went close to them. Next, together with their retinues, the bodhisattva great beings‍—the four messengers of the buddhas‍—sat down and bowed with their palms joined together in the direction of the thus-gone Śākyamuni. [F.137.a] The bodhisattva great being Quintessence of the Sun’s Energy then tossed garlands of campaka flowers in the direction of the thus-gone Śākyamuni and uttered these verses:


4.
Chapter Four

The Purification of Karmic Actions

4.­1

The Blessed One then said to the four messengers and the other bodhisattva great beings, “Noble sons, abide in this buddha realm by your individual virtues!”

4.­2

So, together with their retinues, those bodhisattva great beings sat cross-legged in their respective places. Then, those beings who had thoroughly cultivated the absorption of the dhāraṇī of acceptance entered into their respective states of absorption. From the bodies of some of those beings dwelling in equipoise radiated lights like the light emitted by oil lamps. From the bodies of some others radiated lights like the light emitted by trillions of suns and moons.


5.
Chapter Five

The Protection

5.­1

Then, together with their respective retinues, all the rulers of the gods, the rulers of the nāgas, the rulers of the yakṣas, the rulers of the asuras, the rulers of the garuḍas, the rulers of the kinnaras, the rulers of the mahoragas, the rulers of the pretas, the rulers of the piśācas, and the rulers of the pūtanas bowed with their palms joined together in the direction of the Blessed One and said, “Respected Blessed One, in all the places where monks, nuns, male and female lay practitioners, or faithful sons or daughters of noble family observe this initial practice of repulsiveness up to the absorption of cessation while contemplating the virtuous factors that have just been described, we shall regard them‍—up to the faithful daughters of noble family‍—together with their retinues as the teachers of their own respective classes. [F.178.b] We shall serve all of them through body, speech, and mind, and we shall ensure that they never lack Dharma robes, alms, bedding, medicine, and requisites. We shall liberate them from the fifteen unsettling dangers. What are those fifteen?54 We shall liberate them from the unsettling dangers related to the body. We shall liberate them from dirt, sticks, weapons, poison, stones, hostile beings, abusive beings, and faithless beings. We shall liberate them from disturbances in the elements. We shall protect those who serve them with offerings of delicious food and beverages, medicine, and requisites. We shall protect all such righteous sponsors, relatives, and benefactors from the unsettling dangers caused by diseases, enemies, bhūtas, and foes. We shall protect them from the unsettling dangers caused by poison, kings, civil war, invasion, and famine. Those are the fifteen unsettling dangers.


6.

Chapter Six

6.­1

At that time, [F.183.a] King Bimbisāra, who felt joyful and exhilarated, exclaimed, “Respected Blessed One, this buddha realm of Sahā is filled with bodhisattva great beings who exert themselves in concentration, and it is bathed in a brilliant light that has never been seen or heard of before. This is amazing! Respected Well-Gone One, this is truly amazing! Still, besides this buddha realm and its outer mountain range, nothing else whatsoever appears. Respected Blessed One, if this entire buddha realm of Sahā is perceived due to the light of those bodhisattva great beings, what would the light emitted by the thus-gone ones who have entered into absorption be like? Might we be able to perceive the arrays of qualities of other buddha realms through the light emitted by the Thus-Gone One?”


7.
Chapter Seven

The Presentation of the Conjunctions of the Lunar Mansions

7.­1

When the evil Māra saw all these thus-gone ones and retinues in their respective palaces present within the body of the Thus-Gone One, he became extremely unhappy. Dirt emerged from his entire body, and he began to weep out of distress. He started to run to and fro, to leave only to reappear, and to jump up, run and race around, gape, laugh, sigh, lick his mouth, close his eyes, stretch and contract his arms, [F.188.a] rest his head in his hands, and rub his throat and breast. When they saw this, all the sentient beings residing in the abode of Māra were unsettled. They became displeased and unhappy. One māra leader named Celestial Tree questioned the evil Māra with these verses:


8.

Chapter Eight

8.­1

Sāgara then said:

8.­2
“You remember past lives
Based on the placement of the lunar mansions in the sky.
Wise one, leader of the three realms,
Clear-minded one, glorious being,
8.­3
“As an example of your love and compassion,
And in accordance with your affection for everyone,
Please liberate all the nāgas from this place!
Your discipline and observances
8.­4
“Are unmatched in the three realms.
You bring satisfaction to all the nāgas.
You are the master of all sages, [F.212.b]
And you are worthy to be worshiped by the humans.

9.
Chapter Nine

The Recollection of the Buddha

9.­1

When the evil Māra saw that all the nāgas had taken refuge in the Blessed One, [F.215.a] he became exceedingly distressed and scared, and his body began to shake like the leaves of a jujube tree. Sweating, he raised his two hands and lamented:

9.­2
“The nāgas have gone for refuge.
All beings have become deluded
And placed on the path of immortality.
Look at this endless deceit!”
9.­3

The daughter of Māra named Free of Darkness said:


10.
Chapter Ten

The Travel to Mount Sumeru

10.­1

Then, the Blessed One said to the bodhisattva great being Jyotīrasa, “Noble son, tell me the message of that group of nāgas.”

With a mind devoid of afflictions, Jyotīrasa replied, “Blessed One, it is time for you to come! Blessed One, please perform your deeds!”

10.­2

The Blessed One replied, “Noble son, [F.220.a] it is time for the Thus-Gone One to reveal the inconceivable teaching on the nāgas’ karmic action‍—the teaching of purification.”


11.
Chapter Eleven

The Going for Refuge of the Nāgas

11.­1

While showering rains of flowers, precious gems, and Dharma robes, playing instruments and drums, and singing melodious songs, all the gods, nāgas, yakṣas, and asuras present there departed from the summit of Mount Sumeru together with the Blessed One. Attended by his saṅgha of hearers and surrounded by his saṅgha of bodhisattvas, the Blessed One then took a seat on the cushions that had been prepared for him at the center of the sacred site of wise sages. To worship the Blessed One, all the gods, nāgas, yakṣas, asuras, and kinnaras showered rains of various ornaments, powders, flowers, and precious gems from the sky. The nāgas also offered the Blessed One different kinds of flowers, perfumes, precious gems, silken clothes, fine fabrics, Dharma robes, and ornaments. They circumambulated him three times, prostrated to his feet, and sat in front of him to listen to the Dharma. The nāga king Sāgara then asked, “Respected Blessed One, what are the deeds through which sentient beings are born as nāgas?”


12.

Conclusion

12.­1

Then the elder Ājñātakauṇḍinya said to the Blessed One, “Blessed One, please bless the nāgas! Please make this Dharma teaching, which involves the conduct of teaching about the inconceivable karmic action, blaze for a long time!”

12.­2

The Blessed One said, “As long as the great stūpas in this four-continent world still contain beings who diligently engage in practice, this Dharma teaching will continue to be practiced on the four continents. What are those great stūpas? Here in Jambudvīpa, many past buddhas, bodhisattvas, solitary buddhas, and hearers have continuously resided at this stūpa‍—the sacred site of wise sages called Complete Support‍—and they will continue to reside here in the future. The perfect buddhas of the past have entrusted this sacred site of wise sages called Complete Support to Varuṇa, to ensure that the great teachings remain for a long time. I also entrust it to him. He will joyfully ripen those persons who abide by the Dharma and diligently engage in practice. He will also protect those donors and benefactors who strive to serve those who abide by the Dharma.”


c.

Colophon

c.­1

This was translated by the Indian preceptors Sarvajñadeva, Vidyākaraprabha, and Dharmākara and the translator Bandé Zangkyong. It was then edited and finalized by the translator-editor Bandé Kawa Paltsek.


n.

Notes

n.­1
Hoernle 1916, pp. 121–25.
n.­2
Peter Alan Roberts, trans., The King of Samādhis Sūtra, Toh 127 (84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2018).
n.­3
See Mahamegha Translation Team, trans. The Great Cloud (1), Toh 232.
n.­4
Denkarma, folio 297.b; note that the title in the Denkarma is ’phags pa ’dus pa chen po’i sde nyi ma’i snying po The Denkarma is dated to c. 812 ᴄᴇ. In this catalog, The Quintessence of the Sun is included among the “Miscellaneous Mahāyāna Sūtras” (theg pa chen po’i mdo sde sna tshogs) with a length of thirteen sections (bam po). See also Herrmann-Pfandt 2008, p. 46, no. 81.
n.­5
Ed. Bhikkhu Pāsādika 1989, pp. 79–82.
n.­6
Cutler 2002, pp. 231–32 and 253.
n.­7
Lévi 1905, pp. 256–58; Lévi 1904, pp. 546–47 and 565.
n.­8
Kotyk 2017, pp. 58–64; Mak 2015, pp. 64–66.
n.­54
Based on the following section of the text, it is unclear what those fifteen dangers are.

b.

Bibliography

Tibetan Sources

nyi ma’i snying po (Sūryagarbha). Toh 257, Degé Kangyur vol. 66 (mdo sde, za), folios 91.b–245.b.

nyi ma’i snying po. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–9, vol. 66, pp. 262–616.

nyi ma’i snying po. Stok Palace Kangyur vol. 63 (mdo sde, na), folios 161.b–394.b.

glang ru lung bstan pa (Gośṛṅgavyākaraṇa). Toh 357, Degé Kangyur vol. 76 (mdo sde, aH), folios 220.b–232.a. English translation in Dharmachakra Translation Committee 2021. [Full citation listed in secondary sources]

zla ba’i snying po (Candragarbha). Toh 356, Degé Kangyur vol. 76 (mdo sde, aH), folios 216.a–229.b.

snying rje pad+ma dkar po (Karuṇā­puṇḍarīka). Toh 112, Degé Kangyur vol. 50 (mdo sde, cha), folios 129.a–297.b.

ting nge ’dzin gyi rgyal po (Samādhirāja). Toh 127, Degé Kangyur vol. 55 (mdo sde, da), folios 1.b–170.b. English translation in Roberts 2018. [Full citation listed in secondary sources]

sprin chen po (Mahāmegha). Toh 232, Degé Kangyur vol. 64 (mdo sde, wa), folios 113.a–214.b. English translation in Mahamegha Translation Team 2022. [Full citation listed in secondary sources]

blo gros mi zad pas bstan pa (Akṣayamati­nirdeśa). Toh 175, Degé Kangyur vol. 60 (mdo sde, ma), folios 79.a–174.b. English translation in Braarvig and Welsh 2020. [Full citation listed in secondary sources]

Nāgārjuna. mdo kun las btus pa (Sūtrasamuccaya). Toh 3934, Degé Tengyur vol. 110 (dbu ma, ki), folios 148.b–215.a. See also Bhikkhu Pāsādika 1989.

Denkarma (pho brang stod thang ldan dkar gyi chos kyi ’gyur ro cog gi dkar chag). Toh 4364, Degé Tengyur vol. 206 (sna tshogs, jo), folios 294.b–310.a.

Chomden Rikpai Raltri (bcom ldan rig pa’i ral gri). bstan pa rgyas pa rgyan gyi nyi ’od. In bka’ gdams gsung ’bum phyogs bsgrigs thengs gsum pa, 1:191–266. Chengdu: si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 2009. BDRC W1PD153536.

Chinese Sources

Rizang fen 日藏分. Taishō 397-14. (Translation of the Sūryagarbhasūtra by Narendrayaśas [Naliantiyeshe 那連提耶舍]).

Secondary Sources

Bhikkhu Pāsādika, ed. Nāgārjuna’s Sūtrasamuccaya: A Critical Edition of the Mdo kun las btus pa. Fontes Tibetici Havnienses 2. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 1989.

Braarvig, Jens. Akṣayamatinirdeśasūtra. Vol. 2, The Tradition of Imperishability in Buddhist Thought. Oslo: Solum Forlag, 1993.

Braarvig, Jens, and David Welsh, trans. The Teaching of Akṣayamati (Akṣayamati­nirdeśa, Toh 175). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2020.

Cutler, Joshua W. C., ed. The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment. Vol. 3. Translated by The Lamrim Chenmo Translation Committee. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 2002.

Demiéville, Paul. Choix d’études bouddhiques. Leiden: Brill, 1973.

Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans. The Prophecy on Mount Gośṛṅga (Gośṛṅgavyākaraṇa, Toh 357). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2021.

Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. Die lHan kar ma: ein früher Katalog der ins Tibetische übersetzten buddhistischen Texte. Vienna: Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2008.

Hoernle, A. F. Rudolph. Manuscript Remains of Buddhist Literature Found in Eastern Turkestan. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1916.

Kotyk, Jeffrey Theodore. “Buddhist Astrology and Astral Magic in the Tang Dynasty.” PhD diss., Leiden University, 2017.

Lévi, Sylvain (1904). “Notes chinoises sur l’Inde: IV. Le pays de Kharoṣṭra et l’écriture kharoṣṭrī.” Bulletin de l’Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient 4 (1904): 543–79.

‍—‍—‍—(1905). “Notes chinoises sur l’Inde: V. Quelques documents sur le bouddhisme indien dans l’Asie centrale (première partie).” Bulletin de l’Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient 5 (1905): 253–305.

Mahamegha Translation Team (2022), trans. The Great Cloud (1) (Mahāmegha, Toh 232). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2018.

Mak, Bill M. “Indian Jyotiṣa through the Lens of Chinese Buddhist Canon.” Journal of Oriental Studies 48, no. 1 (June 2015): 1–19.

Martin, Dan. Unearthing Bon Treasures: Life and Contested Legacy of a Tibetan Scripture Revealer, with a General Bibliography of Bon. Brill’s Tibetan Studies Library 1. Leiden: Brill, 2001. 

Nakamura, Hajime. Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Biographical Notes. Intercultural Research Institute Monograph Series 9. Tokyo: KUFS Publication, 1980.

Nattier, Jan. Once Upon a Future Time: Studies in a Buddhist Prophecy of Decline. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1991.

Roberts, Peter Alan, trans. The King of Samādhis Sūtra (Samādhi­rājasūtra, Toh 127). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2018.

Silk, Jonathan A. Managing Monks: Administrators and Administrative Roles in Indian Buddhist Monasticism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.


g.

Glossary

g.­1

Absence of Heat

  • ma dros pa
  • མ་དྲོས་པ།
  • —

A buddha realm located in the eastern direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. Also called Absence of Torment.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 3.­7
  • g.­3
g.­2

Absence of marks

  • mtshan ma med pa
  • མཚན་མ་མེད་པ།
  • animitta

The absence of the conceptual identification of perceptions, knowing that the true nature has no attributes, such as color or shape. One of the three gateways of liberation.

10 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­14
  • 4.­51
  • 4.­75
  • 4.­104
  • 4.­115
  • 4.­117
  • 4.­118
  • 7.­47
  • g.­62
  • g.­267

Links to further resources:

  • 36 related glossary entries
g.­3

Absence of Torment

  • yongs su gdung ba med pa
  • ཡོངས་སུ་གདུང་བ་མེད་པ།
  • —

A buddha realm located in the eastern direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. Also called Absence of Heat.

4 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­1
  • 2.­9
  • n.­38
  • g.­1
g.­4

Absence of wishes

  • smon pa med pa
  • སྨོན་པ་མེད་པ།
  • apraṇihita

The absence of any conceptual goal that one is focused upon achieving, knowing that all composite phenomena create suffering. One of the three gateways of liberation.

17 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­53
  • 2.­55
  • 2.­56
  • 3.­37
  • 3.­39
  • 4.­65
  • 4.­66
  • 4.­73
  • 4.­76
  • 4.­87
  • 4.­104
  • 4.­105
  • 4.­106
  • 4.­118
  • 4.­121
  • g.­62
  • g.­267

Links to further resources:

  • 30 related glossary entries
g.­5

Absorption

  • ting nge ’dzin
  • ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན།
  • samādhi

A synonym for meditation, this refers to the state of deep meditative immersion that results from different modes of Buddhist practice.

53 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­28
  • 1.­29
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­5
  • 2.­14
  • 2.­29
  • 2.­34
  • 2.­49
  • 2.­70
  • 2.­73
  • 2.­76
  • 2.­77
  • 2.­79
  • 4.­2
  • 4.­26
  • 4.­27
  • 4.­32
  • 4.­34
  • 4.­35
  • 4.­37
  • 4.­44
  • 4.­45
  • 4.­51
  • 4.­62
  • 4.­96
  • 4.­121
  • 4.­124
  • 5.­1
  • 5.­2
  • 5.­8
  • 5.­10
  • 6.­1
  • 6.­5
  • 6.­6
  • 6.­17
  • 6.­25
  • 7.­39
  • 7.­53
  • 8.­34
  • 9.­22
  • 9.­23
  • 9.­27
  • 9.­29
  • 9.­30
  • 10.­34
  • 12.­33
  • 12.­38
  • 12.­40
  • 12.­42
  • 12.­57
  • g.­80
  • g.­242
  • g.­243

Links to further resources:

  • 76 related glossary entries
g.­6

Abused Tree

  • gshe ba’i shing
  • གཤེ་བའི་ཤིང་།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­7

Accomplished One

  • grub pa
  • གྲུབ་པ།
  • —

A medicine goddess.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 12.­66
  • 12.­67
g.­8

Acts with immediate retribution

  • mtshams med pa’i las
  • མཚམས་མེད་པའི་ལས།
  • ānantaryakarman

The five extremely negative actions that, once those who have committed them die, result in immediate rebirth in the hells without the experience of the intermediate state. They are killing an arhat, killing one’s mother, killing one’s father, creating a schism in the Saṅgha, and maliciously drawing blood from a tathāgata’s body.

6 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­11
  • 9.­26
  • 9.­27
  • 11.­25
  • 11.­62
  • 11.­76

Links to further resources:

  • 16 related glossary entries
g.­9

Aggregate

  • phung po
  • ཕུང་པོ།
  • skandha

The five aggregates of form, sensation, perception, formation, and consciousness. On the individual level the five aggregates refer to the basis upon which the mistaken idea of a self is projected.

14 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­23
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­28
  • 2.­84
  • 3.­52
  • 4.­34
  • 4.­47
  • 4.­48
  • 4.­104
  • 4.­119
  • 7.­50
  • 8.­32
  • g.­77
  • g.­86

Links to further resources:

  • 57 related glossary entries
g.­10

Airāvaṇa

  • sa srung gi bu
  • ས་སྲུང་གི་བུ།
  • Airāvaṇa

A nāga king.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­30
  • 7.­62
  • 12.­14

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­11

Ājñātakauṇḍinya

  • kun shes kau Di n+ya
  • ཀུན་ཤེས་ཀཽ་ཌི་ནྱ།
  • Ājñāta­kauṇḍinya

Another name for Kauṇḍinya. As he was the first to understand the Buddha Śākyamuni’s teaching on the four truths of the noble ones, he received the name Ājñātakauṇḍinya (Kauṇḍinya Who Understood).

15 passages contain this term:

  • 3.­30
  • 4.­3
  • 4.­4
  • 4.­5
  • 4.­7
  • 4.­8
  • 4.­23
  • 4.­51
  • 4.­79
  • 4.­85
  • 4.­87
  • 6.­4
  • 10.­32
  • 11.­25
  • 12.­1

Links to further resources:

  • 11 related glossary entries
g.­12

Ākāśagarbha

  • nam mkha’i snying po
  • ནམ་མཁའི་སྙིང་པོ།
  • Ākāśagarbha

A bodhisattva residing in a buddha realm in the northern direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

9 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­73
  • 2.­74
  • 2.­89
  • 2.­97
  • 3.­46
  • 3.­55
  • 3.­58
  • 4.­110
  • 4.­119

Links to further resources:

  • 11 related glossary entries
g.­13

Anavatapta

  • ma dros pa
  • མ་དྲོས་པ།
  • Anavatapta

A nāga king.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­30
  • 10.­15
  • 12.­17

Links to further resources:

  • 21 related glossary entries
g.­14

Apalāladatta

  • chu sog ma med kyis byin
  • ཆུ་སོག་མ་མེད་ཀྱིས་བྱིན།
  • Apalāladatta

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­15

Apasmāra

  • brjed byed
  • བརྗེད་བྱེད།
  • apasmāra

A name for both seizures and the demon that causes seizures and loss of consciousness. The Tibetan specifically means “causing forgetting.”

2 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­78
  • 2.­79

Links to further resources:

  • 11 related glossary entries
g.­16

Applications of mindfulness

  • dran pa nye bar gzhag pa
  • དྲན་པ་ཉེ་བར་གཞག་པ།
  • smṛtyupasthāna

A fundamental practice of Buddhist meditation: close application of mindfulness to the body, close application of mindfulness to feelings, close application of mindfulness to mind, and close application of mindfulness to phenomena.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 1.­59

Links to further resources:

  • 26 related glossary entries
g.­17

Arjuna

  • srid sgrub bcas
  • སྲིད་སྒྲུབ་བཅས།
  • Arjuna

A monk in the past, son of the king Free of Flowers during the time of the Buddha Śikhin.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 11.­6
  • 11.­7
g.­18

Asura

  • lha ma yin
  • ལྷ་མ་ཡིན།
  • —

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A type of nonhuman being whose precise status is subject to different views, but is included as one of the six classes of beings in the sixfold classification of realms of rebirth. In the Buddhist context, asuras are powerful beings said to be dominated by envy, ambition, and hostility. They are also known in the pre-Buddhist and pre-Vedic mythologies of India and Iran, and feature prominently in Vedic and post-Vedic Brahmanical mythology, as well as in the Buddhist tradition. In these traditions, asuras are often described as being engaged in interminable conflict with the devas (gods).

40 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­1
  • 1.­28
  • 1.­33
  • 2.­7
  • 2.­12
  • 2.­15
  • 2.­28
  • 2.­32
  • 2.­36
  • 2.­64
  • 2.­79
  • 2.­84
  • 2.­90
  • 3.­8
  • 3.­50
  • 3.­52
  • 3.­58
  • 4.­48
  • 4.­50
  • 4.­105
  • 4.­107
  • 4.­108
  • 4.­118
  • 4.­119
  • 4.­122
  • 4.­123
  • 5.­1
  • 6.­12
  • 6.­18
  • 7.­39
  • 10.­11
  • 10.­12
  • 10.­24
  • 10.­25
  • 11.­1
  • 12.­36
  • 12.­37
  • 12.­40
  • 12.­58
  • 12.­69

Links to further resources:

  • 106 related glossary entries
g.­19

Attendant

  • zhal ta pa
  • ཞལ་ཏ་པ།
  • vaiyāpṛtyakara

A monk in charge of providing for monastery residents and visitors. One of several official administrative or managerial positions at a monastery.

5 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­37
  • 1.­48
  • 1.­74
  • 5.­5
  • 5.­7

Links to further resources:

  • 3 related glossary entries
g.­20

Attractive

  • yid ’phrog
  • ཡིད་འཕྲོག
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­21

Bad Plough

  • gshol ngan
  • གཤོལ་ངན།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­22

Banner of Degeneration

  • snyigs ma’i rgyal mtshan
  • སྙིགས་མའི་རྒྱལ་མཚན།
  • —

Name of a buddha realm located in the southern direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­23
  • 3.­22
g.­23

Bhārgava

  • ngan spong gi bu
  • ངན་སྤོང་གི་བུ།
  • Bhārgava

Name of a sage.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­67
  • 7.­68

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­24

Bhūta

  • ’byung po
  • འབྱུང་པོ།
  • bhūta

A generic term for spirits or ghosts.

6 passages contain this term:

  • 5.­1
  • 5.­7
  • 8.­16
  • 8.­19
  • 9.­28
  • 12.­38

Links to further resources:

  • 37 related glossary entries
g.­25

Bimbisāra

  • gzugs can snying po
  • གཟུགས་ཅན་སྙིང་པོ།
  • Bimbisāra

King of Magadha who lived at the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

18 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­42
  • 1.­45
  • 1.­47
  • 1.­50
  • 1.­53
  • 1.­54
  • 1.­56
  • 1.­62
  • 1.­65
  • 1.­69
  • 1.­74
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­22
  • 2.­51
  • 2.­72
  • 3.­1
  • 6.­1
  • 6.­3

Links to further resources:

  • 17 related glossary entries
g.­26

Black Line Hell

  • thig nag
  • ཐིག་ནག
  • Kālasūtra

One of the eight hot hells.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 4.­90

Links to further resources:

  • 12 related glossary entries
g.­27

Blue Color

  • rtsi sngon po
  • རྩི་སྔོན་པོ།
  • —

A nāga.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 11.­27
  • 11.­50
g.­28

Blue Topknot

  • gtsug phud sngon po
  • གཙུག་ཕུད་སྔོན་པོ།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­29

Body-Piercing Needle

  • lus ’bigs pa’i khab
  • ལུས་འབིགས་པའི་ཁབ།
  • —

A nāga king.

7 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­30
  • 8.­33
  • 10.­19
  • 10.­21
  • 10.­28
  • 12.­8
  • 12.­9
g.­30

Born from an Ornament

  • rgyan skyes
  • རྒྱན་སྐྱེས།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­31

Bound in Movement

  • rgyu bar btags pa
  • རྒྱུ་བར་བཏགས་པ།
  • —

A demon leader.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 10.­19
g.­32

Brahmā

  • tshangs pa
  • ཚངས་པ།
  • Brahmā

A high-ranking deity, presiding over a divine world where other beings consider him the creator; he is also considered to be the “Lord of the Sahā World” (our universe).

21 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­1
  • 1.­30
  • 2.­12
  • 2.­28
  • 2.­31
  • 4.­33
  • 4.­118
  • 6.­18
  • 7.­95
  • 7.­96
  • 7.­99
  • 9.­27
  • 10.­4
  • 10.­24
  • 10.­25
  • 10.­27
  • 10.­31
  • 10.­33
  • 12.­66
  • 12.­67
  • g.­167

Links to further resources:

  • 125 related glossary entries
g.­33

Brāhmaṇa

  • bram ze
  • བྲམ་ཟེ།
  • brāhmaṇa

The highest of the four classes in the Indian caste system, it is most closely associated with religious vocations.

25 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­41
  • 1.­43
  • 1.­44
  • 1.­48
  • 1.­61
  • 1.­63
  • 1.­67
  • 1.­68
  • 1.­69
  • 1.­70
  • 1.­72
  • 1.­73
  • 2.­7
  • 2.­12
  • 2.­15
  • 2.­28
  • 2.­31
  • 3.­52
  • 4.­48
  • 4.­105
  • 4.­119
  • 5.­2
  • 9.­21
  • 10.­33
  • 11.­20

Links to further resources:

  • 25 related glossary entries
g.­34

Breast of the Earth

  • sa’i nu ma
  • སའི་ནུ་མ།
  • —

A location in Khaṣa.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 12.­26
  • 12.­31
  • 12.­32
g.­35

Bright Colors

  • bkra ba
  • བཀྲ་བ།
  • —

A holy site blessed by the presence of sages.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­5
g.­36

Bright Eyes

  • mig gsal
  • མིག་གསལ།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­37

Buddha realm

  • sangs rgyas kyi zhing
  • སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཞིང་།
  • buddhakṣetra

Roughly a synonym for “universe,” although Buddhist cosmology contains many universes of different types and dimensions. “Buddha realm” indicates, in regard to any type of universe, that it is the field of influence of a particular buddha.

114 passages contain this term:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1
  • 1.­1
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­16
  • 1.­27
  • 1.­28
  • 1.­30
  • 1.­31
  • 1.­32
  • 1.­33
  • 1.­35
  • 1.­38
  • 1.­49
  • 1.­70
  • 1.­73
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­2
  • 2.­3
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­5
  • 2.­9
  • 2.­10
  • 2.­11
  • 2.­12
  • 2.­17
  • 2.­22
  • 2.­23
  • 2.­26
  • 2.­27
  • 2.­28
  • 2.­31
  • 2.­36
  • 2.­37
  • 2.­51
  • 2.­52
  • 2.­55
  • 2.­56
  • 2.­57
  • 2.­64
  • 2.­65
  • 2.­66
  • 2.­69
  • 2.­72
  • 2.­73
  • 2.­74
  • 2.­75
  • 2.­76
  • 2.­77
  • 2.­87
  • 2.­90
  • 2.­91
  • 2.­94
  • 2.­95
  • 2.­97
  • 3.­7
  • 3.­8
  • 3.­10
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­25
  • 3.­37
  • 3.­40
  • 3.­52
  • 3.­54
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­3
  • 4.­13
  • 4.­15
  • 4.­77
  • 4.­112
  • 4.­121
  • 4.­123
  • 5.­12
  • 6.­1
  • 6.­6
  • 6.­12
  • 6.­13
  • 6.­18
  • 6.­25
  • 7.­38
  • 7.­39
  • 7.­57
  • 8.­32
  • 9.­21
  • 9.­22
  • 9.­23
  • 10.­23
  • 10.­24
  • 10.­25
  • 10.­26
  • 10.­32
  • 10.­34
  • 12.­27
  • 12.­31
  • 12.­36
  • 12.­56
  • 12.­57
  • 12.­69
  • n.­35
  • n.­38
  • n.­43
  • g.­1
  • g.­3
  • g.­12
  • g.­22
  • g.­66
  • g.­93
  • g.­106
  • g.­174
  • g.­175
  • g.­184
  • g.­211
  • g.­286
  • g.­297

Links to further resources:

  • 25 related glossary entries
g.­38

Campaka Color

  • tsam pa ka’i mdog
  • ཙམ་པ་ཀའི་མདོག
  • —

A buddha residing in the eastern direction at the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

16 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­1
  • 2.­2
  • 2.­9
  • 2.­11
  • 2.­12
  • 2.­14
  • 2.­20
  • 2.­21
  • 2.­22
  • 3.­7
  • 3.­8
  • 3.­10
  • 3.­11
  • 3.­14
  • 4.­33
  • 4.­47
g.­39

Cave of the Elders

  • gnas brtan gyi phug
  • གནས་བརྟན་གྱི་ཕུག
  • —

A holy site blessed by the presence of sages.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­15
g.­40

Celestial Tree

  • nam mkha’i shing
  • ནམ་མཁའི་ཤིང་།
  • —

Name of a mercenary demon.

6 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­1
  • 7.­8
  • 7.­12
  • 7.­16
  • 7.­22
  • 7.­24
g.­41

China

  • rgya yul
  • རྒྱ་ཡུལ།
  • —

4 passages contain this term:

  • i.­2
  • i.­3
  • i.­5
  • 12.­25

Links to further resources:

  • 2 related glossary entries
g.­42

Circumstantial victor

  • rkyen gyi rgyal ba
  • རྐྱེན་གྱི་རྒྱལ་བ།
  • —

A being who attains victory (i.e., awakening) through specific circumstances. A synonym for a solitary buddha.

4 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­30
  • 2.­64
  • 2.­69
  • 4.­14

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­43

Cloud Complexion

  • sprin gyi mdog
  • སྤྲིན་གྱི་མདོག
  • —

A past buddha.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 9.­21
g.­44

Collection of Sounds

  • sgra bsags
  • སྒྲ་བསགས།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­45

Complete Support

  • kun rten
  • ཀུན་རྟེན།
  • —

A holy site blessed by the presence of sages.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­29
  • 12.­2
  • 12.­3
g.­46

Completely Stable

  • shin tu brtan pa
  • ཤིན་ཏུ་བརྟན་པ།
  • —

A holy site blessed by the presence of sages.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­16
g.­47

Concentration

  • bsam gtan
  • བསམ་གཏན།
  • dhyāna

The fifth of the six perfections. Generally one of the synonyms for meditation, referring to a state of mental stability. The specific four concentrations are four successively subtler states of meditation that are said to lead to rebirth into the corresponding four levels of the form realm.

44 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­30
  • 1.­33
  • 1.­35
  • 2.­3
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­5
  • 2.­10
  • 2.­15
  • 2.­34
  • 2.­64
  • 2.­75
  • 2.­76
  • 2.­79
  • 3.­3
  • 3.­10
  • 3.­25
  • 3.­40
  • 3.­54
  • 4.­13
  • 4.­70
  • 4.­76
  • 4.­82
  • 4.­84
  • 4.­95
  • 4.­96
  • 4.­97
  • 4.­121
  • 6.­1
  • 6.­6
  • 7.­17
  • 8.­11
  • 8.­20
  • 9.­22
  • 10.­18
  • 11.­49
  • 12.­32
  • 12.­37
  • 12.­56
  • g.­55
  • g.­56
  • g.­65
  • g.­81
  • g.­237
  • g.­244

Links to further resources:

  • 49 related glossary entries
g.­48

Dangler

  • ’phyang ba
  • འཕྱང་བ།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­24

Links to further resources:

  • 2 related glossary entries
g.­49

Dharmākara

  • d+harmA ka ra
  • དྷརྨཱ་ཀ་ར།
  • Dharmākara

Butön includes the Kashmiri abbot Dharmākara in his list of ninety-three paṇḍitas invited to Tibet to assist in the translation of the Buddhist scriptures. Tāranātha dates Dharmākara to the rule of *Vanapāla, son of Dharmapāla. With Paltsek, he translated two of Kalyāṇamitra’s works on Vinaya, the Vinaya­praśnakārikā (’dul ba dri ba’i tshig le’ur byas pa, Toh 4134) and the Vinaya­praśnaṭīkā (’dul ba dri ba rgya cher ’grel pa, Toh 4135).

2 passages contain this term:

  • i.­2
  • c.­1

Links to further resources:

  • 3 related glossary entries
g.­50

Dīpaṅkara

  • mar me mdzad
  • མར་མེ་མཛད།
  • Dīpaṅkara

The buddha who preceded Śākyamuni and gave him the prophecy of his buddhahood.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­45

Links to further resources:

  • 34 related glossary entries
g.­51

Dust Mountain

  • rdul gyi ri
  • རྡུལ་གྱི་རི།
  • —

A mountain in Godānīya.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­5
g.­52

Eight aspects of liberation

  • rnam par thar pa brgyad
  • རྣམ་པར་ཐར་པ་བརྒྱད།
  • aṣṭavimokṣa

A series of progressively more subtle states of meditative realization or attainment. There are several presentations of these found in the canonical literature. One of the most common is as follows: (1) One observes form while the mind dwells at the level of the form realm. (2) One observes form externally while discerning formlessness internally. (3) One dwells in the direct experience of the body’s pleasant aspect. (4) One dwells in the realization of the sphere of infinite space by transcending all conceptions of matter, resistance, and diversity. (5) Transcending the sphere of infinite space, one dwells in the realization of the sphere of infinite consciousness. (6) Transcending the sphere of infinite consciousness, one dwells in the realization of the sphere of nothing whatsoever. (7) Transcending the sphere of nothing whatsoever, one dwells in the realization of the sphere of neither perception nor nonperception. (8) Transcending the sphere of neither perception and nonperception, one dwells in the realization of the cessation of conception and feeling.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 1.­74

Links to further resources:

  • 16 related glossary entries
g.­53

Eight unfree states

  • mi khom pa brgyad
  • མི་ཁོམ་པ་བརྒྱད།
  • aṣṭākṣaṇa

Circumstances that do not provide the freedom to practice the Buddhist path: being in the realms of (1) the hells, (2) pretas, (3) animals, and (4) long-lived gods; or in the human realm among (5) barbarians or (6) extremists, (7) in places where the Buddhist teachings do not exist, and (8) without adequate faculties to understand the teachings where they do exist.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­37

Links to further resources:

  • 15 related glossary entries
g.­54

Eighteen fields of knowledge

  • rig pa’i gnas bco brgyad
  • རིག་པའི་གནས་བཅོ་བརྒྱད།
  • aṣṭādaśa­vidyāsthāna

A traditional list that includes the great philosophical systems of India (Sāṅkhya, Yoga, etc.) as well as ordinary sciences and arts such as arithmetic, medicine, astrology, music, and archery.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 9.­27

Links to further resources:

  • 2 related glossary entries
g.­55

Eighteen unique qualities

  • ma ’dres pa bcwa brgyad
  • མ་འདྲེས་པ་བཅྭ་བརྒྱད།
  • aṣṭādaśāveṇika

Eighteen special features of a buddha’s behavior, realization, activity, and wisdom that are not shared by other beings. They are as follows: He never makes a mistake, he is never boisterous, he never forgets, his concentration never falters, he has no notion of distinctness, his equanimity is not due to lack of consideration, his will never falters, his energy never fails, his mindfulness never falters, he never abandons his concentration, his wisdom never decreases, his liberation never fails, all his physical actions are preceded and followed by wisdom, all his verbal actions are preceded and followed by wisdom, all his mental actions are preceded and followed by wisdom, his knowledge and vision perceive the past without any attachment or hindrance, his knowledge and vision perceive the future without any attachment or hindrance, and his knowledge and vision perceive the present without any attachment or hindrance.

7 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­29
  • 1.­32
  • 2.­3
  • 2.­75
  • 3.­30
  • 4.­52
  • 4.­119

Links to further resources:

  • 30 related glossary entries
g.­56

Eightfold path of the noble ones

  • ’phags pa’i lam yan lag brgyad pa
  • འཕགས་པའི་ལམ་ཡན་ལག་བརྒྱད་པ།
  • āryāṣṭāṅ­gamārga

Right view, intention, speech, actions, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.

6 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­39
  • 4.­77
  • 4.­98
  • 4.­107
  • 4.­112
  • 10.­33

Links to further resources:

  • 40 related glossary entries
g.­57

Elapatra

  • e la’i ’dab ma
  • ཨེ་ལའི་འདབ་མ།
  • Elapatra

A nāga king.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­30
  • 12.­22

Links to further resources:

  • 5 related glossary entries
g.­58

Elavarṇa

  • e la’i gdong
  • ཨེ་ལའི་གདོང་།
  • Elavarṇa

A nāga king. The Tibetan e la’i gdong seems to reflect elamukha rather than the attested elavarṇa.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­59

Element

  • khams
  • ཁམས།
  • dhātu

One way of describing experience and the world in terms of eighteen elements (eye and form, ear and sound, nose and smell, tongue and taste, body and physical objects, and mind and mental phenomena, to which the six consciousnesses are added). Also refers here to the “four great elements.”

15 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­23
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­78
  • 2.­79
  • 2.­84
  • 3.­52
  • 4.­47
  • 4.­104
  • 4.­114
  • 4.­119
  • 5.­1
  • 7.­50
  • 8.­32
  • 11.­25
  • 12.­49

Links to further resources:

  • 56 related glossary entries
g.­60

Elephant Extinction

  • glang po zad
  • གླང་པོ་ཟད།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­61

Emergence of Sages

  • drang srong ’byung ba
  • དྲང་སྲོང་འབྱུང་བ།
  • —

A holy site blessed by the presence of sages.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­7
g.­62

Emptiness

  • stong pa nyid
  • སྟོང་པ་ཉིད།
  • śūnyatā

In the Mahāyāna this is the term for how phenomena are devoid of any nature of their own. One of the three gateways of liberation along with the absence of wishes and the absence of marks.

30 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­60
  • 2.­24
  • 2.­26
  • 2.­27
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­24
  • 3.­26
  • 3.­41
  • 4.­26
  • 4.­27
  • 4.­30
  • 4.­53
  • 4.­54
  • 4.­58
  • 4.­59
  • 4.­60
  • 4.­61
  • 4.­63
  • 4.­64
  • 4.­73
  • 4.­76
  • 4.­104
  • 4.­118
  • 4.­121
  • 5.­18
  • 5.­19
  • 5.­20
  • 8.­32
  • 9.­9
  • g.­267

Links to further resources:

  • 34 related glossary entries
g.­63

Endowed with Garlands of Light

  • ba lang gi ’od kyi phreng ba can
  • བ་ལང་གི་འོད་ཀྱི་ཕྲེང་བ་ཅན།
  • —

A nāga king. (Note that this translation is partly tentative, as the Tibetan ba lang, which ordinarily means “cow,” “bull,” or “elephant,” has not been rendered into English, as its meaning here is unclear.)

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­64

Endowed with Jewel Garlands

  • rin po che’i phreng ba can
  • རིན་པོ་ཆེའི་ཕྲེང་བ་ཅན།
  • —

A nāga king.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­30
  • 12.­5
g.­65

Equipoise

  • mnyam par bzhag pa
  • mnyam par gzhag pa
  • མཉམ་པར་བཞག་པ།
  • མཉམ་པར་གཞག་པ།
  • samāhita
  • samāpatti

A state of mental equipoise derived from deep concentration.

7 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­30
  • 1.­59
  • 4.­2
  • 4.­69
  • 4.­71
  • 4.­104
  • 6.­25

Links to further resources:

  • 11 related glossary entries
g.­66

Essence Banner

  • snying po’i rgyal mtshan
  • སྙིང་པོའི་རྒྱལ་མཚན།
  • —

Name of a buddha realm located in the western direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­52
  • 2.­55
  • 3.­37
g.­67

Essence of Blooming Flowers

  • me tog rab tu rgyas pa’i snying po
  • མེ་ཏོག་རབ་ཏུ་རྒྱས་པའི་སྙིང་པོ།
  • —

A holy site blessed by the presence of sages.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­14
g.­68

Essence of Illumination

  • ’od zer byed pa’i snying po
  • འོད་ཟེར་བྱེད་པའི་སྙིང་པོ།
  • —

A holy site blessed by the presence of sages.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­24
g.­69

Excellent Eyes

  • mig bzangs
  • མིག་བཟངས།
  • —

Name of a king, a previous incarnation of the Buddha.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 11.­20
g.­70

Famous

  • ming can
  • མིང་ཅན།
  • —

A yakṣa leader.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­33
g.­71

Feeble Fruit

  • bras bu nyam chung
  • བྲས་བུ་ཉམ་ཆུང་།
  • —

A nāga.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 11.­10
  • 11.­23
g.­72

Female Donkey

  • bong mo
  • བོང་མོ།
  • —

A rākṣasī.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­90
g.­73

Fetching Water

  • chu len
  • ཆུ་ལེན།
  • —

A land in the northern region of the Indian subcontinent.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­24
g.­74

Filled with Joy

  • dga’ khyab ma
  • དགའ་ཁྱབ་མ།
  • —

It is unclear who this might be.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 9.­13
g.­75

Five degenerations

  • snyigs ma lnga
  • སྙིགས་མ་ལྔ།
  • pañcakaṣāya

Five aspects of life that indicate the degenerate nature of a given age. They are the impurities of views, of afflictions, of sentient beings, of lifespan, and of time.

13 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­38
  • 1.­49
  • 2.­2
  • 2.­23
  • 2.­52
  • 2.­55
  • 2.­73
  • 2.­74
  • 2.­87
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­52
  • 6.­13
  • 11.­66

Links to further resources:

  • 14 related glossary entries
g.­76

Five higher perceptions

  • mngon par shes pa lnga
  • མངོན་པར་ཤེས་པ་ལྔ།
  • pañcābhijñā

Divine sight, divine hearing, the ability to know past and future lives, the ability to know the minds of others, and the ability to produce miracles.

6 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­15
  • 7.­68
  • 7.­69
  • 12.­27
  • 12.­31
  • g.­129

Links to further resources:

  • 30 related glossary entries
g.­77

Formation

  • ’du byed
  • འདུ་བྱེད།
  • saṃskāra

One of the five aggregates, they are formative forces concomitant with the production of karmic seeds causing future saṃsāric existence.

15 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­34
  • 4.­61
  • 4.­68
  • 4.­89
  • 4.­99
  • 4.­100
  • 4.­104
  • 6.­23
  • 8.­32
  • 12.­51
  • 12.­52
  • 12.­53
  • 12.­54
  • n.­80
  • g.­9

Links to further resources:

  • 40 related glossary entries
g.­78

Formless attainments

  • gzugs med pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa
  • གཟུགས་མེད་པའི་སྙོམས་པར་འཇུག་པ།
  • ārūpyasamāpatti

These comprise (1) the attainment of the sphere of infinite space, (2) the attainment of the sphere of infinite consciousness, (3) the attainment of the sphere of nothing whatsoever, and (4) the attainment of the sphere of neither perception nor nonperception.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­121
  • 9.­23
  • 9.­27

Links to further resources:

  • 4 related glossary entries
g.­79

Four assemblies

  • ’khor bzhi po
  • འཁོར་བཞི་པོ།
  • catuḥparṣad

The assemblies of monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen.

5 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­52
  • 2.­55
  • 3.­15
  • 3.­30
  • 3.­45

Links to further resources:

  • 17 related glossary entries
g.­80

Four bases of miraculous displays

  • rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi
  • རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་གྱི་རྐང་པ་བཞི།
  • caturṛddhipāda

Four types of absorption related to intention, diligence, attention, and analysis as they manifest on the greater path of accumulation.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 12.­38
  • 12.­40

Links to further resources:

  • 19 related glossary entries
g.­81

Four concentrations

  • bsam gtan bzhi
  • བསམ་གཏན་བཞི།
  • caturdhyāna

The four levels of concentration related to the form realm.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 9.­27
  • g.­47

Links to further resources:

  • 23 related glossary entries
g.­82

Four correct knowledges

  • so so yang dag par rig pa bzhi
  • སོ་སོ་ཡང་དག་པར་རིག་པ་བཞི།
  • catuḥ­pratisaṃvid

Genuine discrimination with respect to phenomena, meaning, language, and eloquence.

6 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­35
  • 2.­2
  • 2.­23
  • 2.­52
  • 2.­74
  • 9.­27

Links to further resources:

  • 17 related glossary entries
g.­83

Four great elements

  • ’byung ba chen po bzhi
  • འབྱུང་བ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི།
  • caturmahābhūta

Earth, water, fire, and wind.

6 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­17
  • 4.­36
  • 4.­57
  • 4.­113
  • g.­59
  • g.­110

Links to further resources:

  • 5 related glossary entries
g.­84

Four Great Kings

  • rgyal po chen po bzhi
  • རྒྱལ་པོ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི།
  • caturmahārāja

Four deities on the base of Mount Sumeru, each the guardian of his direction: Vaiśravaṇa in the north, Dhṛtarāṣṭra in the east, Virūpākṣa in the west, and Virūḍhaka in the south.

6 passages contain this term:

  • 6.­18
  • 7.­65
  • 9.­27
  • 10.­10
  • 12.­66
  • g.­156

Links to further resources:

  • 44 related glossary entries
g.­85

Four kinds of troops

  • dpung gi tshogs yan lag bzhi pa
  • དཔུང་གི་ཚོགས་ཡན་ལག་བཞི་པ།
  • caturaṅga­balakāya

The fourfold division of an army into infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 2.­97

Links to further resources:

  • 9 related glossary entries
g.­86

Four māras

  • bdud bzhi
  • བདུད་བཞི།
  • caturmāra

Four symbols or personifications of the defects that prevent awakening. These four are devaputramāra (lha’i bu’i bdud), the divine māra, which is the distraction of pleasures; mṛtyumāra (’chi bdag gi bdud), the māra of death; skandhamāra (phung po’i bdud), the māra of the aggregates, which is the body; and kleśamāra (nyon mongs pa’i bdud), the māra of the afflictions.

4 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­29
  • 3.­26
  • 8.­32
  • g.­176

Links to further resources:

  • 5 related glossary entries
g.­87

Four means of attracting disciples

  • bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi
  • བསྡུ་བའི་དངོས་པོ་བཞི།
  • catuḥ­saṅgrahavastu

These are traditionally listed as four: generosity, kind talk, meaningful actions, and practicing what one preaches.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­3
  • 2.­75
  • 9.­22

Links to further resources:

  • 20 related glossary entries
g.­88

Four truths of the noble ones

  • ’phags pa’i bden pa bzhi
  • འཕགས་པའི་བདེན་པ་བཞི།
  • caturāryasatya

The Buddha’s first teaching, which explains suffering, the origin of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the path to the cessation of suffering.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­76
  • g.­11

Links to further resources:

  • 30 related glossary entries
g.­89

Fragrance of the Golden Lamp

  • gser sgron dri zhim
  • གསེར་སྒྲོན་དྲི་ཞིམ།
  • —

A holy site blessed by the presence of sages.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­17
g.­90

Free of Darkness

  • mun bral
  • མུན་བྲལ།
  • —

Name of a daughter of Māra.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 9.­3
  • 9.­8
  • 9.­30
g.­91

Free of Flowers

  • me tog bral
  • མེ་ཏོག་བྲལ།
  • —

A past king during the time of the Buddha Śikhin.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 11.­6
  • 11.­9
  • g.­17
g.­92

Gajaśīrṣa

  • ba lang mgo
  • བ་ལང་མགོ
  • Gajaśīrṣa

A nāga king.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­30
  • 12.­10
g.­93

Gandhahastin

  • spos kyi glang po che
  • སྤོས་ཀྱི་གླང་པོ་ཆེ།
  • Gandhahastin

A bodhisattva residing in a buddha realm in the southern direction at the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

10 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­23
  • 2.­27
  • 2.­28
  • 2.­42
  • 2.­51
  • 3.­16
  • 3.­26
  • 3.­27
  • 4.­53
  • 4.­63

Links to further resources:

  • 6 related glossary entries
g.­94

Gandhāra

  • sa ’dzin
  • ས་འཛིན།
  • Gandhāra

An ancient kingdom once located in northwestern India in what is now Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. It lasted from around the sixth century ʙᴄᴇ to the eleventh century ᴄᴇ and attained its height in the first to fifth centuries under the Buddhist Kushan kings.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­22

Links to further resources:

  • 3 related glossary entries
g.­95

Gandharva

  • dri za
  • དྲི་ཟ།
  • gandharva

A class of semidivine beings sometimes referred to as “heavenly musicians.”

4 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­1
  • 6.­12
  • 10.­24
  • 12.­69

Links to further resources:

  • 114 related glossary entries
g.­96

Ganges

  • gang gA
  • གང་གཱ།
  • Gaṅgā

The sacred river of North India.

27 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­31
  • 1.­33
  • 1.­35
  • 1.­69
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­2
  • 2.­9
  • 2.­29
  • 2.­30
  • 2.­35
  • 2.­52
  • 2.­55
  • 2.­63
  • 2.­73
  • 2.­74
  • 2.­87
  • 3.­7
  • 3.­37
  • 3.­41
  • 3.­45
  • 3.­52
  • 6.­6
  • 6.­12
  • 6.­13
  • 6.­17
  • 6.­25
  • 8.­32

Links to further resources:

  • 43 related glossary entries
g.­97

Garuḍa

  • nam mkha’ lding
  • ནམ་མཁའ་ལྡིང་།
  • garuḍa

A class of divine being described as an eagle-type bird with a gigantic wingspan. They were traditionally enemies of the nāgas. In the Vedas, they were thought to have brought nectar from the heavens to earth

30 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­1
  • 1.­28
  • 1.­33
  • 2.­7
  • 2.­12
  • 2.­32
  • 2.­36
  • 2.­57
  • 2.­78
  • 2.­84
  • 3.­52
  • 3.­58
  • 4.­48
  • 4.­50
  • 4.­105
  • 4.­107
  • 4.­108
  • 4.­118
  • 4.­119
  • 4.­122
  • 4.­123
  • 5.­1
  • 6.­12
  • 7.­39
  • 8.­28
  • 10.­24
  • 12.­36
  • 12.­40
  • 12.­58
  • 12.­69

Links to further resources:

  • 79 related glossary entries
g.­98

Gautama

  • gau ta ma
  • གཽ་ཏ་མ།
  • Gautama

The family name of the Buddha Śākyamuni, it is often used by those who are not his followers.

12 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­4
  • 7.­19
  • 7.­21
  • 7.­23
  • 7.­25
  • 7.­40
  • 7.­59
  • 7.­63
  • 7.­66
  • 9.­7
  • 9.­13
  • g.­141

Links to further resources:

  • 18 related glossary entries
g.­99

Gayākāśyapa

  • ga ya ’od srung
  • ག་ཡ་འོད་སྲུང་།
  • Gayākāśyapa

The brother of Nadīkāśyapa and Uruvilvākāśyapa. A practitioner of fire offering at Uruvilvā (Bodhgaya), he and his two hundred pupils were converted to the Dharma, becoming bhikṣus (monks) under the Buddha. He and his brothers and their pupils were the third group to become followers of the Buddha Śākyamuni after his awakening. Also known as Mahāgayākāśyapa.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­40
  • g.­168

Links to further resources:

  • 9 related glossary entries
g.­100

Given by a Householder

  • khyim bdag gis byin
  • ཁྱིམ་བདག་གིས་བྱིན།
  • —

A nāga king.

4 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­30
  • 12.­26
  • 12.­31
  • 12.­34
g.­101

Given by the Mountain

  • ri bos byin
  • རི་བོས་བྱིན།
  • —

A nāga king.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­30
  • 12.­18
g.­102

Given by the River

  • chu bas byin
  • ཆུ་བས་བྱིན།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­103

Given by the Water God

  • chu lhas byin
  • ཆུ་ལྷས་བྱིན།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­104

Glorious Blazing Lotus

  • pad ma ’bar ba’i dpal
  • པད་མ་འབར་བའི་དཔལ།
  • —

Name of a mahābrahmā.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­3
  • 1.­12
g.­105

Glorious Essence of Flowers

  • dpal me tog gi snying po
  • དཔལ་མེ་ཏོག་གི་སྙིང་པོ།
  • —

A buddha residing in the northern direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

14 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­73
  • 2.­74
  • 2.­87
  • 2.­90
  • 2.­96
  • 2.­97
  • 3.­51
  • 3.­52
  • 3.­54
  • 3.­55
  • 3.­59
  • 4.­110
  • 4.­112
  • 4.­119
g.­106

Glorious Essence of Light

  • snang ba’i snying po dpal
  • སྣང་བའི་སྙིང་པོ་དཔལ།
  • —

A bodhisattva residing in a buddha realm in the western direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

11 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­52
  • 2.­56
  • 2.­57
  • 2.­61
  • 2.­69
  • 2.­72
  • 3.­31
  • 3.­41
  • 4.­65
  • 4.­88
  • 4.­105
g.­107

Godānīya

  • ba lang spyod
  • བ་ལང་སྤྱོད།
  • Godānīya

One of the four continents of the human world according to traditional Indian cosmology, it is situated to the west of Mount Sumeru.

4 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­30
  • 12.­5
  • 12.­10
  • g.­51

Links to further resources:

  • 13 related glossary entries
g.­108

Gomasālagandha

  • go ma sA la gan d+ha
  • གོ་མ་སཱ་ལ་གན་དྷ།
  • Gomasālagandha

A sacred stūpa in Khaṣa, said to have been blessed by several past buddhas.

7 passages contain this term:

  • i.­5
  • 12.­26
  • 12.­30
  • 12.­31
  • 12.­32
  • 12.­33
  • 12.­34
g.­109

Gomatī

  • go ma ti
  • གོ་མ་ཏི།
  • —

A river in the land of Khaṣa.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 12.­26
  • 12.­31
g.­110

Great element

  • ’byung po chen po
  • འབྱུང་པོ་ཆེན་པོ།
  • mahābhūta

See “four great elements.”

5 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­36
  • 4.­47
  • 4.­76
  • 4.­114
  • 8.­32

Links to further resources:

  • 7 related glossary entries
g.­111

Great Movement

  • rgyu ba chen po
  • རྒྱུ་བ་ཆེན་པོ།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­112

Green Grass

  • rtswa sngon po
  • རྩྭ་སྔོན་པོ།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­113

Guhā

  • phug
  • ཕུག
  • —

A region of unknown location.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­21
g.­114

Harsh to the Moon

  • zla ba la rtsub pa
  • ཟླ་བ་ལ་རྩུབ་པ།
  • —

A nāga king.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 8.­33
  • 10.­28
g.­115

Heaven Free from Strife

  • ’thab bral
  • འཐབ་བྲལ།
  • Yāma

The lowest of the heavenly realms, it is characterized by freedom from difficulty.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­65
  • 10.­8
  • 10.­16

Links to further resources:

  • 40 related glossary entries
g.­116

Heaven of Delighting in Emanations

  • ’phrul dga’
  • འཕྲུལ་དགའ།
  • Nirmāṇarati

The fifth (counting from the lowest) of the six heavens in the desire realm.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­65
  • 10.­6
  • 10.­16

Links to further resources:

  • 41 related glossary entries
g.­117

Heaven of Joy

  • dga’ ldan
  • དགའ་ལྡན།
  • Tuṣita

The fourth level of the heavens of the realm of desire, it is the last stopping place of a buddha-to-be before his descent and reincarnation on earth; at present it is the abode of the future Buddha Maitreya.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­65
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­16

Links to further resources:

  • 66 related glossary entries
g.­118

Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations

  • gzhan ’phrul dbang byed
  • གཞན་འཕྲུལ་དབང་བྱེད།
  • Paranirmita­vaśavartin

The highest heaven in the desire realm.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­65
  • 10.­5
  • 10.­16

Links to further resources:

  • 43 related glossary entries
g.­119

Heaven of the Thirty-Three

  • sum cu rtsa gsum pa
  • སུམ་ཅུ་རྩ་གསུམ་པ།
  • Trāyastriṃśa

The second-lowest heaven of the desire realm located above Mount Meru and reigned over by Indra, otherwise known as Śakra, and thirty-two other gods.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 12.­14
  • g.­225

Links to further resources:

  • 71 related glossary entries
g.­120

Hell of Crushing

  • bsdus gzhom
  • བསྡུས་གཞོམ།
  • Saṅghāta

One of the eight hot hells.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 4.­90

Links to further resources:

  • 7 related glossary entries
g.­121

Hell of Heat

  • tsha ba
  • ཚ་བ།
  • Tāpana

One of the eight hot hells.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 4.­90

Links to further resources:

  • 12 related glossary entries
g.­122

Hell of Intense Heat

  • rab tu tsha ba
  • རབ་ཏུ་ཚ་བ།
  • Pratāpana

One of the eight hot hells.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 4.­90

Links to further resources:

  • 12 related glossary entries
g.­123

Hell of Intense Wailing

  • ngu ’bod chen po
  • ངུ་འབོད་ཆེན་པོ།
  • Mahāraurava

One of the eight hot hells.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 4.­90

Links to further resources:

  • 9 related glossary entries
g.­124

Hell of Revival

  • yang sos
  • ཡང་སོས།
  • Sañjīva

One of the eight hot hells.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 4.­90

Links to further resources:

  • 10 related glossary entries
g.­125

Hell of Unceasing Torment

  • mnar med pa
  • མནར་མེད་པ།
  • Avīci

One of the eight hot hells.

4 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­49
  • 1.­72
  • 2.­56
  • 4.­90

Links to further resources:

  • 37 related glossary entries
g.­126

Hell of Wailing

  • ngu ’bod
  • ངུ་འབོད།
  • Raurava

One of the eight hot hells.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 4.­90

Links to further resources:

  • 13 related glossary entries
g.­127

High Flier

  • mthon por ’phur
  • མཐོན་པོར་འཕུར།
  • —

Name of a sage.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­67
  • 7.­68
g.­128

High Snow Mountain

  • gangs mtho ba
  • གངས་མཐོ་བ།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­129

Higher perception

  • mngon par shes pa
  • མངོན་པར་ཤེས་པ།
  • abhijñā

Supernormal cognitive powers possessed to different degrees by bodhisattvas and buddhas, they are listed as the five higher perceptions or the six higher perceptions.

8 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­33
  • 2.­5
  • 2.­10
  • 2.­29
  • 4.­13
  • 9.­22
  • 9.­23
  • 9.­27

Links to further resources:

  • 44 related glossary entries
g.­130

Highest Heaven

  • ’og min
  • འོག་མིན།
  • Akaniṣṭha

The highest heaven of the form realm, where a buddha always receives the anointment of the ultimate wisdom, proceeding there mentally from his seat of awakening under the Bodhi tree.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 9.­22
  • 10.­22
  • g.­118

Links to further resources:

  • 41 related glossary entries
g.­131

Hullura

  • hu lu ru la
  • ཧུ་ལུ་རུ་ལ།
  • Hullura

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­23

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­132

Ikṣvāku

  • bu ram shing
  • བུ་རམ་ཤིང་།
  • Ikṣvāku

A family lineage from which many royal families claimed descent, it is the name of an early royal dynasty in India said to be a solar dynasty. Though there are many versions of how the dynasty received its name, they all relate it to the sugar cane (ikṣu). The Buddha Śākyamuni was considered to be in this family line.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 8.­15

Links to further resources:

  • 4 related glossary entries
g.­133

Invisible Wrists

  • tshigs mi mngon
  • ཚིགས་མི་མངོན།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­134

Īśvara

  • dbang phyug
  • དབང་ཕྱུག
  • Īśvara

Literally “lord,” this term is an epithet for the god Śiva, but functions more generally in Buddhist texts as a generalized “supreme being” to whom the creation of the universe is attributed.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­12
  • g.­170

Links to further resources:

  • 47 related glossary entries
g.­135

Jackal

  • sbyang
  • སྦྱང་།
  • —

A nāga king.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 12.­15
  • 12.­19
g.­136

Jambū River

  • ’dzam bu’i chu bo
  • འཛམ་བུའི་ཆུ་བོ།
  • Jambūnadī

A legendary river carrying the remains of the golden fruit of a legendary rose-apple (jambu) tree.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­72
  • 10.­5

Links to further resources:

  • 33 related glossary entries
g.­137

Jambudvīpa

  • ’dzam bu’i gling
  • འཛམ་བུའི་གླིང་།
  • Jambudvīpa

The name of the southern continent in Buddhist cosmology, which can mean the known world of humans or more specifically the Indian subcontinent. A gigantic, miraculous rose-apple (jambu) tree at the source of the great Indian rivers is said to give the continent its name.

6 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­30
  • 7.­40
  • 9.­13
  • 12.­2
  • 12.­15
  • g.­191

Links to further resources:

  • 79 related glossary entries
g.­138

Jyotīrasa

  • skar ma la dga’ ba
  • སྐར་མ་ལ་དགའ་བ།
  • Jyotīrasa

Name of a sage.

18 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­67
  • 7.­68
  • 7.­69
  • 7.­70
  • 7.­71
  • 7.­72
  • 7.­73
  • 7.­84
  • 7.­105
  • 8.­6
  • 8.­31
  • 8.­32
  • 8.­33
  • 8.­34
  • 8.­35
  • 9.­12
  • 9.­21
  • 10.­1

Links to further resources:

  • 3 related glossary entries
g.­139

Kalandakanivāpa

  • ka lan da ka gnas
  • ཀ་ལན་ད་ཀ་གནས།
  • Kalandakanivāpa

Literally, the “Squirrel Feeding Ground.” A location within the Veṇuvana where the Buddha Śākyamuni stayed. The place received its name from the many squirrels living there, being fed by humans. It should be noted that Tibetan translations misunderstand the Sanskrit term kalandaka to be a kind of bird (Tib. bya).

3 passages contain this term:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1
  • 1.­1

Links to further resources:

  • 19 related glossary entries
g.­140

Kanakamuni

  • gser thub
  • གསེར་ཐུབ།
  • Kanakamuni

One of the six buddhas who preceded Śākyamuni in this Fortunate Eon.

4 passages contain this term:

  • 11.­61
  • 12.­3
  • 12.­9
  • g.­232

Links to further resources:

  • 21 related glossary entries
g.­141

Kapilavastu

  • ser skya’i gnas
  • སེར་སྐྱའི་གནས།
  • Kapilavastu

The capital city of the Śākya kingdom, which is where the Bodhisattva (i.e., Siddhārtha Gautama before his awakening) grew up.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­17

Links to further resources:

  • 18 related glossary entries
g.­142

Karkoṭaka

  • stobs kyis rgyu
  • སྟོབས་ཀྱིས་རྒྱུ།
  • Karkoṭaka

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­143

Kashmir

  • kha che’i yul
  • ཁ་ཆེའི་ཡུལ།
  • Kaśmīra

The northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 12.­23
  • n.­18

Links to further resources:

  • 3 related glossary entries
g.­144

Kāśyapa

  • ’od srung
  • འོད་སྲུང་།
  • Kāśyapa

One of the six buddhas who preceded Śākyamuni in this Fortunate Eon. Also the name of one of the Buddha Śākyamuni’s principal pupils.

8 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­48
  • 11.­61
  • 11.­72
  • 12.­3
  • 12.­9
  • 12.­32
  • 12.­33
  • g.­232

Links to further resources:

  • 28 related glossary entries
g.­145

Kaṭapūtana

  • lus srul po
  • ལུས་སྲུལ་པོ།
  • kaṭapūtana

Ugly spirits with rotting bodies.

5 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­77
  • 2.­78
  • 3.­58
  • 5.­5
  • 7.­39

Links to further resources:

  • 13 related glossary entries
g.­146

Kauṇḍinya

  • kau Di n+ya
  • ཀཽ་ཌི་ནྱ།
  • Kauṇḍinya

The first monk that the Buddha Śākyamuni recognized as having understood his teachings.

44 passages contain this term:

  • 3.­30
  • 4.­5
  • 4.­6
  • 4.­8
  • 4.­9
  • 4.­11
  • 4.­13
  • 4.­14
  • 4.­22
  • 4.­28
  • 4.­52
  • 4.­53
  • 4.­54
  • 4.­55
  • 4.­56
  • 4.­57
  • 4.­65
  • 4.­66
  • 4.­67
  • 4.­73
  • 4.­79
  • 4.­85
  • 4.­86
  • 4.­88
  • 4.­89
  • 4.­90
  • 4.­91
  • 4.­92
  • 4.­93
  • 4.­94
  • 4.­95
  • 4.­97
  • 4.­98
  • 4.­100
  • 4.­101
  • 4.­102
  • 4.­103
  • 4.­104
  • 4.­105
  • 6.­4
  • 10.­32
  • 11.­25
  • 11.­90
  • g.­11

Links to further resources:

  • 12 related glossary entries
g.­147

Kauśika

  • kau shi ka
  • ཀཽ་ཤི་ཀ
  • Kauśika

Another name for Indra. Kauśika, Śakra, and Indra all refer to the same god, of central importance in the Vedas, who in Buddhist cosmology is regarded as the king of gods in the realm of desire.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 10.­23
  • 10.­27

Links to further resources:

  • 23 related glossary entries
g.­148

Kawa Paltsek

  • dpal brtsegs
  • དཔལ་བརྩེགས།
  • —

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Paltsek (eighth to early ninth century), from the village of Kawa north of Lhasa, was one of Tibet’s preeminent translators. He was one of the first seven Tibetans to be ordained by Śāntarakṣita and is counted as one of Guru Rinpoche’s twenty-five close disciples. In a famous verse by Ngok Lotsawa Loden Sherab, Kawa Paltsek is named along with Chokro Lui Gyaltsen and Zhang (or Nanam) Yeshé Dé as part of a group of translators whose skills were surpassed only by Vairotsana.

He translated works from a wide variety of genres, including sūtra, śāstra, vinaya, and tantra, and was an author himself. Paltsek was also one of the most important editors of the early period, one of nine translators installed by Trisong Detsen (r. 755–797/800) to supervise the translation of the Tripiṭaka and help catalog translated works for the first two of three imperial catalogs, the Denkarma (ldan kar ma) and the Samye Chimpuma (bsam yas mchims phu ma). In the colophons of his works, he is often known as Paltsek Rakṣita (rak+Shi ta).

2 passages contain this term:

  • i.­2
  • c.­1

Links to further resources:

  • 18 related glossary entries
g.­149

Khaṣa

  • kha sha
  • ཁ་ཤ།
  • Khaṣa

An alternative name for the ancient kingdom of Khotan which was located on the southern branch of the Silk Road that passed through the Tarim Basin. The kingdom, which was an important oasis and center for trade, existed during the first millennium ᴄᴇ.

8 passages contain this term:

  • i.­5
  • 12.­26
  • 12.­32
  • g.­34
  • g.­108
  • g.­109
  • g.­181
  • g.­219
g.­150

King of the Lord of Mountains

  • ri dbang gi rgyal po
  • རི་དབང་གི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
  • —

A buddha residing in the southern direction at the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

12 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­23
  • 2.­26
  • 2.­28
  • 2.­50
  • 2.­51
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­24
  • 3.­26
  • 3.­29
  • 4.­53
  • 4.­54
  • 4.­63
g.­151

Kinnara

  • mi ’am ci
  • མི་འམ་ཅི།
  • kinnara

A class of semidivine beings that resemble humans to the degree that their very name‍—which means “Is that a human?”‍—suggests some confusion as to their identity.

29 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­1
  • 1.­28
  • 1.­33
  • 2.­7
  • 2.­12
  • 2.­32
  • 2.­36
  • 2.­78
  • 2.­84
  • 3.­52
  • 4.­48
  • 4.­50
  • 4.­105
  • 4.­107
  • 4.­108
  • 4.­118
  • 4.­119
  • 4.­122
  • 4.­123
  • 5.­1
  • 6.­12
  • 7.­39
  • 7.­73
  • 10.­24
  • 11.­1
  • 12.­36
  • 12.­40
  • 12.­58
  • 12.­69

Links to further resources:

  • 79 related glossary entries
g.­152

Kosala

  • ko sa la
  • ཀོ་ས་ལ།
  • Kosala
  • Kośala

An ancient kingdom in North India.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­20

Links to further resources:

  • 16 related glossary entries
g.­153

Krakucchanda

  • ’khor ba ’jig
  • འཁོར་བ་འཇིག
  • Krakucchanda

One of the six buddhas who preceded Śākyamuni in this Fortunate Eon.

5 passages contain this term:

  • 11.­12
  • 12.­3
  • 12.­5
  • 12.­9
  • g.­232

Links to further resources:

  • 25 related glossary entries
g.­154

Kṛmi

  • srin bu
  • སྲིན་བུ།
  • Kṛmi

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­20
g.­155

Kṣatriya

  • rgyal rigs
  • རྒྱལ་རིགས།
  • kṣatriya

The second highest of the four classes in the Indian caste system, it is associated with warriors, the aristocracy, and kings.

30 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­41
  • 1.­43
  • 1.­44
  • 1.­45
  • 1.­46
  • 1.­47
  • 1.­48
  • 1.­50
  • 1.­51
  • 1.­55
  • 1.­56
  • 1.­58
  • 1.­63
  • 1.­67
  • 1.­68
  • 1.­69
  • 1.­70
  • 1.­72
  • 1.­73
  • 2.­7
  • 2.­12
  • 2.­15
  • 2.­28
  • 2.­31
  • 3.­52
  • 4.­48
  • 4.­105
  • 4.­119
  • 5.­2
  • 5.­3

Links to further resources:

  • 34 related glossary entries
g.­156

Kubera

  • lus ngan
  • ལུས་ངན།
  • Kubera

In this instances, the name of a demon leader. This name generally belongs to Vaiśravaṇa, one of the four great kings.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 10.­19

Links to further resources:

  • 22 related glossary entries
g.­157

Kumbhāṇḍa

  • grul bum
  • གྲུལ་བུམ།
  • kumbhāṇḍa

A class of beings subordinate to the great king of the south, Virūḍhaka. The name is a play on the word āṇḍa, which means “egg” but is a euphemism for testicle, as they are often depicted as having testicles as big as pots (from khumba, or “pot”).

14 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­78
  • 2.­94
  • 4.­50
  • 4.­107
  • 4.­123
  • 7.­39
  • 7.­97
  • 10.­3
  • 11.­23
  • 12.­34
  • 12.­40
  • 12.­41
  • 12.­58
  • 12.­69

Links to further resources:

  • 30 related glossary entries
g.­158

Langana Mountain

  • lang ga Na’i ri
  • ལང་ག་ཎའི་རི།
  • —

A mountain in Pūrvavideha.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­7
g.­159

Level of the family

  • rigs kyi sa
  • རིགས་ཀྱི་ས།
  • gotrabhūmi

One of the initial levels of realization on the path of the hearers. Depending on classification system it is either the first or the second level (when it is preceded by the Śuklavipaśyanā level).

1 passage contains this term:

  • 4.­121

Links to further resources:

  • 5 related glossary entries
g.­160

Light of Nārāyaṇa

  • sred med kyi bu’i ’od
  • སྲེད་མེད་ཀྱི་བུའི་འོད།
  • —

A holy site blessed by the presence of sages.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­25
g.­161

Light Rays of Stacked Incense

  • spos brtsegs ’od zer
  • སྤོས་བརྩེགས་འོད་ཟེར།
  • —

A holy site blessed by the presence of sages.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­12
g.­162

Limit of reality

  • yang dag pa’i mtha’
  • ཡང་དག་པའི་མཐའ།
  • bhūtakoṭi

A synonym for ultimate reality.

10 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­22
  • 5.­14
  • 5.­15
  • 5.­17
  • 5.­18
  • 5.­19
  • 8.­32
  • 12.­52
  • 12.­55
  • n.­57

Links to further resources:

  • 46 related glossary entries
g.­163

Lord of the Earth

  • sa yi dbang phyug
  • ས་ཡི་དབང་ཕྱུག
  • —

A nāga.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 10.­16
g.­164

Lotus Face

  • pad ma’i gdong
  • པད་མའི་གདོང་།
  • —

A nāga prince.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 11.­5
g.­165

Lotus Flowers Like Banyan Trees

  • pad ma’i shing n+ya gro d+ha lta bu
  • པད་མའི་ཤིང་ནྱ་གྲོ་དྷ་ལྟ་བུ།
  • —

A holy site blessed by the presence of sages.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­11
g.­166

Magadha

  • ma ga d+hA
  • མ་ག་དྷཱ།
  • Magadha

The largest kingdom of North India during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

7 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­22
  • 2.­72
  • 7.­40
  • 8.­26
  • 12.­18
  • g.­25
  • g.­213

Links to further resources:

  • 31 related glossary entries
g.­167

Mahābrahmā

  • tshangs pa chen po
  • ཚངས་པ་ཆེན་པོ།
  • mahābrahmā

Beings from the third heaven of the realm of form, meaning “great Brahmā.”

8 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­3
  • 1.­12
  • 2.­21
  • 2.­22
  • 3.­1
  • 7.­65
  • 9.­30
  • g.­104

Links to further resources:

  • 125 related glossary entries
g.­168

Mahāgayākāśyapa

  • ga ya ’od srung chen po
  • ག་ཡ་འོད་སྲུང་ཆེན་པོ།
  • Mahā­gayākāśyapa

Alternate name of Gayākāśyapa, the brother of Nadīkāśyapa and Uruvilvākāśyapa. A practitioner of fire offering at Uruvilvā (Bodhgaya), he and his two hundred pupils were converted to becoming bhikṣus (monks) under the Buddha. He and his brothers and their pupils were the third group to become followers of the Buddha Śākyamuni after his awakening.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­41
  • g.­99

Links to further resources:

  • 9 related glossary entries
g.­169

Mahāsannipāta

  • ’dus pa chen po
  • འདུས་པ་ཆེན་པོ།
  • Mahāsannipāta

A collection of seventeen sūtras on a range of themes, compiled as a separate collection. Today, this collection only exists in Chinese translation, although several of the individual scriptures exist in Sanskrit and in Tibetan translation.

4 passages contain this term:

  • i.­4
  • i.­5
  • n.­12
  • n.­14

Links to further resources:

  • 2 related glossary entries
g.­170

Maheśvara

  • dbang phyug che
  • དབང་ཕྱུག་ཆེ།
  • Maheśvara

One of the most frequently used names for Śiva. The name is often synonymous with Īśvara, but it is sometimes presented as that of a separate deity.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­28
  • 6.­18
  • 9.­27

Links to further resources:

  • 47 related glossary entries
g.­171

Mahoraga

  • lto ’phye chen po
  • ལྟོ་འཕྱེ་ཆེན་པོ།
  • mahoraga

A class of nonhuman beings shaped like enormous serpents.

26 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­1
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­28
  • 1.­33
  • 2.­7
  • 2.­32
  • 2.­78
  • 2.­84
  • 3.­52
  • 3.­58
  • 4.­48
  • 4.­50
  • 4.­105
  • 4.­107
  • 4.­108
  • 4.­118
  • 4.­119
  • 4.­122
  • 4.­123
  • 5.­1
  • 6.­12
  • 7.­39
  • 10.­24
  • 12.­36
  • 12.­58
  • 12.­69

Links to further resources:

  • 71 related glossary entries
g.­172

Maitreya

  • byams pa
  • བྱམས་པ།
  • Maitreya

The bodhisattva who embodies loving kindness; the next buddha to follow Śākyamuni.

12 passages contain this term:

  • 5.­13
  • 5.­14
  • 5.­15
  • 5.­16
  • 5.­17
  • 5.­18
  • 5.­19
  • 11.­9
  • 11.­59
  • 11.­60
  • 12.­34
  • g.­117

Links to further resources:

  • 83 related glossary entries
g.­173

Mandāravagandha

  • man dA ra ba
  • མན་དཱ་ར་བ།
  • Mandārava­gandha

A past buddha under whom Śākyamuni acquired merit along the first through ninth bhūmis, according to the Mahāvastu.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 9.­21
g.­174

Manifestation of All Perfumes

  • spos thams cad yang dag par ’phags pa
  • སྤོས་ཐམས་ཅད་ཡང་དག་པར་འཕགས་པ།
  • —

Name of a buddha realm located in the northern direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. Also called Manifestation of All Sounds.

4 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­73
  • 3.­52
  • n.­35
  • g.­175
g.­175

Manifestation of All Sounds

  • sgra thams cad yang dag par ’phags pa
  • སྒྲ་ཐམས་ཅད་ཡང་དག་པར་འཕགས་པ།
  • —

Name of a buddha realm located in the northern direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. Also called Manifestation of All Perfumes.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­87
  • g.­174
g.­176

Māra

  • bdud
  • བདུད།
  • māra

A class of beings related to the demon Māra. See also the “four māras.”

53 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­33
  • 1.­35
  • 2.­2
  • 2.­7
  • 2.­9
  • 2.­14
  • 2.­17
  • 2.­23
  • 2.­52
  • 2.­55
  • 2.­74
  • 2.­79
  • 2.­84
  • 2.­87
  • 2.­92
  • 2.­94
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­7
  • 3.­8
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­37
  • 3.­52
  • 4.­48
  • 4.­105
  • 4.­119
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­7
  • 7.­8
  • 7.­12
  • 7.­17
  • 7.­33
  • 7.­37
  • 7.­40
  • 7.­41
  • 7.­43
  • 7.­48
  • 7.­49
  • 7.­53
  • 7.­54
  • 8.­31
  • 8.­34
  • 9.­9
  • 9.­15
  • 9.­16
  • 10.­23
  • 10.­24
  • 12.­36
  • 12.­37
  • 12.­40
  • 12.­49
  • 12.­56
  • 12.­58
  • 12.­69

Links to further resources:

  • 115 related glossary entries
g.­177

Māra

  • bdud
  • བདུད།
  • Māra

An obstacle maker; a personification of evil.

44 passages contain this term:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1
  • 1.­64
  • 1.­67
  • 3.­17
  • 3.­33
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­3
  • 7.­8
  • 7.­10
  • 7.­14
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­24
  • 7.­27
  • 7.­28
  • 7.­32
  • 7.­35
  • 7.­37
  • 7.­48
  • 7.­54
  • 7.­61
  • 7.­63
  • 7.­64
  • 8.­23
  • 8.­29
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­3
  • 9.­6
  • 9.­12
  • 9.­13
  • 9.­14
  • 9.­20
  • 9.­30
  • 10.­15
  • 10.­25
  • 12.­42
  • 12.­43
  • 12.­46
  • 12.­47
  • 12.­48
  • 12.­49
  • g.­90
  • g.­176
  • g.­218

Links to further resources:

  • 115 related glossary entries
g.­178

Mathurā

  • bcom brlag
  • བཅོམ་བརླག
  • Mathurā

A city in the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located approximately fifty kilometers north of Agra.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­19

Links to further resources:

  • 4 related glossary entries
g.­179

Maudgalyāyana

  • maud gal gyi bu
  • མཽད་གལ་གྱི་བུ།
  • Maudgalyāyana

Alternate name for Mahāmaudgalyāyana, one of the closest disciples of the Buddha Śākyamuni, who was known for his miraculous abilities.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 3.­60

Links to further resources:

  • 63 related glossary entries
g.­180

Moon Protector

  • zla ba srung
  • ཟླ་བ་སྲུང་།
  • —

A nāga king.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­30
  • 12.­7
g.­181

Mount Gośṛṇga

  • ri glang ru
  • རི་གླང་རུ།
  • Gośṛṇga

A mountain in Khaṣa. Gośṛṅga means “cow horn” in Sanskrit and the hill is said to have received this name due to having two pointed peaks.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 12.­26
  • 12.­31
  • 12.­33

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­182

Mount Kalatiya

  • ri kha la ti ya
  • རི་ཁ་ལ་ཏི་ཡ།
  • Kalatiya

A mountain located near Mount Sumeru.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­29
  • 7.­55
g.­183

Mount Sumeru

  • ri rab
  • རི་རབ།
  • Sumeru

In Buddhist cosmology, the sacred mountain at the center of the world.

29 passages contain this term:

  • 3.­15
  • 6.­6
  • 7.­29
  • 7.­31
  • 7.­50
  • 10.­3
  • 10.­4
  • 10.­10
  • 10.­11
  • 10.­12
  • 10.­13
  • 10.­14
  • 10.­22
  • 10.­23
  • 10.­24
  • 10.­25
  • 10.­26
  • 10.­28
  • 10.­29
  • 10.­32
  • 10.­40
  • 11.­1
  • 11.­81
  • 12.­14
  • g.­84
  • g.­107
  • g.­182
  • g.­209
  • g.­224

Links to further resources:

  • 70 related glossary entries
g.­184

Mountain Light

  • ri bo’i ’od
  • རི་བོའི་འོད།
  • —

A buddha realm in the past.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 9.­21

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­185

Movement

  • rgyu ba
  • རྒྱུ་བ།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­19
g.­186

Moving in Places

  • gnas na rgyu
  • གནས་ན་རྒྱུ།
  • —

A nāga king.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­30
  • 12.­12
g.­187

Mucilinda

  • btang bzung
  • བཏང་བཟུང་།
  • Mucilinda

A nāga king.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­30
  • 12.­21

Links to further resources:

  • 5 related glossary entries
g.­188

Muhūrta

  • yud tsam
  • ཡུད་ཙམ།
  • muhūrta

Period of time in ancient India that corresponds to the thirtieth part of a full day.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­81

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­189

Nāga

  • klu
  • ཀླུ།
  • nāga

A semidivine class of beings who live in subterranean aquatic environments and are known to hoard wealth and esoteric teachings. They are associated with snakes and serpents.

248 passages contain this term:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1
  • 1.­1
  • 1.­28
  • 1.­33
  • 1.­35
  • 2.­3
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­7
  • 2.­9
  • 2.­12
  • 2.­15
  • 2.­24
  • 2.­26
  • 2.­28
  • 2.­29
  • 2.­32
  • 2.­53
  • 2.­55
  • 2.­57
  • 2.­58
  • 2.­59
  • 2.­70
  • 2.­75
  • 2.­78
  • 2.­79
  • 2.­81
  • 2.­87
  • 2.­95
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­7
  • 3.­8
  • 3.­22
  • 3.­37
  • 3.­52
  • 4.­48
  • 4.­50
  • 4.­107
  • 4.­108
  • 4.­118
  • 4.­122
  • 4.­123
  • 5.­1
  • 5.­5
  • 6.­5
  • 6.­12
  • 6.­18
  • 7.­17
  • 7.­18
  • 7.­19
  • 7.­21
  • 7.­23
  • 7.­27
  • 7.­28
  • 7.­29
  • 7.­30
  • 7.­31
  • 7.­32
  • 7.­34
  • 7.­36
  • 7.­38
  • 7.­39
  • 7.­55
  • 7.­58
  • 7.­61
  • 7.­62
  • 7.­65
  • 7.­68
  • 7.­69
  • 7.­70
  • 7.­71
  • 7.­72
  • 7.­73
  • 7.­76
  • 7.­78
  • 7.­85
  • 7.­97
  • 7.­105
  • 8.­3
  • 8.­4
  • 8.­5
  • 8.­6
  • 8.­16
  • 8.­19
  • 8.­30
  • 8.­31
  • 8.­33
  • 8.­34
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­2
  • 9.­12
  • 9.­13
  • 9.­18
  • 10.­1
  • 10.­2
  • 10.­13
  • 10.­16
  • 10.­17
  • 10.­19
  • 10.­20
  • 10.­21
  • 10.­23
  • 10.­24
  • 10.­28
  • 10.­29
  • 10.­30
  • 10.­35
  • 10.­36
  • 10.­37
  • 10.­38
  • 10.­39
  • 11.­1
  • 11.­2
  • 11.­3
  • 11.­4
  • 11.­5
  • 11.­6
  • 11.­7
  • 11.­8
  • 11.­9
  • 11.­10
  • 11.­16
  • 11.­18
  • 11.­23
  • 11.­26
  • 11.­27
  • 11.­34
  • 11.­35
  • 11.­38
  • 11.­47
  • 11.­50
  • 11.­52
  • 11.­55
  • 11.­57
  • 11.­61
  • 11.­62
  • 11.­63
  • 11.­64
  • 11.­67
  • 11.­68
  • 11.­69
  • 11.­70
  • 11.­71
  • 11.­72
  • 11.­75
  • 11.­76
  • 11.­89
  • 11.­91
  • 12.­1
  • 12.­3
  • 12.­4
  • 12.­5
  • 12.­6
  • 12.­7
  • 12.­8
  • 12.­9
  • 12.­10
  • 12.­11
  • 12.­12
  • 12.­13
  • 12.­14
  • 12.­15
  • 12.­16
  • 12.­17
  • 12.­18
  • 12.­19
  • 12.­20
  • 12.­21
  • 12.­22
  • 12.­23
  • 12.­24
  • 12.­25
  • 12.­26
  • 12.­28
  • 12.­31
  • 12.­32
  • 12.­34
  • 12.­35
  • 12.­36
  • 12.­37
  • 12.­40
  • 12.­41
  • 12.­42
  • 12.­56
  • 12.­58
  • 12.­59
  • 12.­60
  • 12.­62
  • 12.­64
  • 12.­68
  • 12.­69
  • g.­6
  • g.­10
  • g.­13
  • g.­14
  • g.­20
  • g.­21
  • g.­27
  • g.­28
  • g.­29
  • g.­30
  • g.­36
  • g.­44
  • g.­48
  • g.­57
  • g.­58
  • g.­60
  • g.­63
  • g.­64
  • g.­71
  • g.­92
  • g.­97
  • g.­100
  • g.­101
  • g.­102
  • g.­103
  • g.­111
  • g.­112
  • g.­114
  • g.­128
  • g.­131
  • g.­133
  • g.­135
  • g.­142
  • g.­154
  • g.­163
  • g.­164
  • g.­180
  • g.­185
  • g.­186
  • g.­187
  • g.­190
  • g.­196
  • g.­202
  • g.­216
  • g.­222
  • g.­228
  • g.­252
  • g.­253
  • g.­259
  • g.­260
  • g.­263
  • g.­275
  • g.­280
  • g.­289
  • g.­291
  • g.­301

Links to further resources:

  • 91 related glossary entries
g.­190

Nanda

  • dga’ bo
  • དགའ་བོ།
  • Nanda

One of the main nāga kings, usually associated with the nāga king Upananda.

6 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­28
  • 7.­55
  • 7.­56
  • 10.­14
  • 10.­29
  • g.­280

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  • 16 related glossary entries
g.­191

Nandivardhana

  • dga’ ’phel
  • དགའ་འཕེལ།
  • Nandivardhana

A location in Jambudvīpa.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­15

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­192

Nārāyaṇa

  • sred med kyi bu
  • སྲེད་མེད་ཀྱི་བུ།
  • Nārāyaṇa

An alternate name for Viṣṇu (khyab ’jug).

6 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­28
  • 2.­71
  • 2.­72
  • 3.­1
  • 6.­18
  • 9.­27

Links to further resources:

  • 31 related glossary entries
g.­193

Nectar Drink

  • bdud rtsi’i skom
  • བདུད་རྩིའི་སྐོམ།
  • —

A demon leader.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 10.­19
g.­194

Non-returner

  • phyir mi ’ong ba
  • ཕྱིར་མི་འོང་བ།
  • anāgāmin

One who has achieved the third level of attainment on the path of the hearers and is free from further rebirth in the desire realm.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­36
  • 4.­84

Links to further resources:

  • 31 related glossary entries
g.­195

Ojohāra

  • mdangs ’phrog pa
  • མདངས་འཕྲོག་པ།
  • ojohāra

A class of supernatural beings that rob the strength of beings.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 2.­78
g.­196

Pale Yellow Gold

  • gser ser skya
  • གསེར་སེར་སྐྱ།
  • —

A nāga king.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­30
g.­197

Pañcāla

  • lnga len
  • ལྔ་ལེན།
  • Pañcālā

One of the major North Indian kingdoms in the Buddha’s time, it was located to the west of the kingdom of Kośala and east of Kuru.

No known locations for this term

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  • 7 related glossary entries
g.­198

Paths of the ten nonvirtuous actions

  • mi dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam
  • མི་དགེ་བ་བཅུའི་ལས་ཀྱི་ལམ།
  • daśākuśala­karmapatha

Killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, divisive speech, harsh speech, gossip, covetousness, ill will, and wrong views.

4 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­65
  • 2.­77
  • 4.­11
  • g.­199

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  • 9 related glossary entries
g.­199

Paths of the ten virtuous actions

  • dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam
  • དགེ་བ་བཅུའི་ལས་ཀྱི་ལམ།
  • daśakuśala­karmapatha

Not engaging in the paths of the ten nonvirtuous actions: killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, divisive speech, harsh speech, gossip, covetousness, ill will, and wrong views.

5 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­65
  • 2.­66
  • 2.­78
  • 9.­22
  • 12.­68

Links to further resources:

  • 8 related glossary entries
g.­200

Perfection

  • pha rol tu phyin pa
  • pha rol phyin
  • ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ།
  • ཕ་རོལ་ཕྱིན།
  • pāramitā

See “six perfections.”

10 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­30
  • 2.­31
  • 2.­32
  • 2.­33
  • 2.­34
  • 2.­36
  • 2.­64
  • 6.­2
  • 11.­2
  • 12.­68

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  • 33 related glossary entries
g.­201

Piśāca

  • sha za
  • ཤ་ཟ།
  • piśāca

A class of nonhumans said to dwell in impure and perilous places, where they feed on impure things, including flesh.

12 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­78
  • 3.­58
  • 4.­50
  • 4.­107
  • 4.­122
  • 4.­123
  • 5.­1
  • 7.­39
  • 11.­23
  • 12.­41
  • 12.­58
  • 12.­69

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  • 30 related glossary entries
g.­202

Precious Protector

  • rin chen skyong
  • རིན་ཆེན་སྐྱོང་།
  • —

A nāga king.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 8.­33
  • 10.­20
  • 10.­28
g.­203

Preta

  • yi dgas
  • ཡི་དགས།
  • preta

A class of sentient beings constantly suffering from hunger and thirst. They also represent one of the six realms of rebirth.

33 passages contain this term:

  • 1.­38
  • 1.­49
  • 2.­12
  • 2.­78
  • 3.­58
  • 4.­17
  • 4.­50
  • 4.­89
  • 4.­92
  • 4.­107
  • 4.­122
  • 4.­123
  • 5.­1
  • 7.­39
  • 8.­13
  • 11.­2
  • 11.­3
  • 11.­4
  • 11.­6
  • 11.­7
  • 11.­23
  • 11.­46
  • 11.­48
  • 11.­50
  • 11.­52
  • 11.­55
  • 11.­61
  • 12.­41
  • 12.­58
  • 12.­69
  • g.­53
  • g.­269
  • g.­303

Links to further resources:

  • 50 related glossary entries
g.­204

Priests of Brahmā

  • tshangs pa’i mdun na ’don pa
  • ཚངས་པའི་མདུན་ན་འདོན་པ།
  • Brahmapurohita

The second heaven in the realm of form. Also called Brahmapariṣadya.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 10.­14

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  • 20 related glossary entries
g.­205

Protecting Guardian

  • rtas bsrungs
  • རྟས་བསྲུངས།
  • —

Name of a sage.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­67
  • 7.­68
g.­206

Provisions for the Path of Seeing

  • mthong ba’i lam rgyags
  • མཐོང་བའི་ལམ་རྒྱགས།
  • —

A holy site blessed by the presence of sages.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­22
g.­207

Punarvasu

  • nab so
  • ནབ་སོ།
  • Punarvasu

The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Beta Geminorum in the occidental tradition.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 7.­76

Links to further resources:

  • 2 related glossary entries
g.­208

Pure Victor

  • rgyal ba dag pa
  • རྒྱལ་བ་དག་པ།
  • —

A holy site blessed by the presence of sages.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 12.­20
g.­209

Pūrvavideha

  • lus ’phags po
  • ལུས་འཕགས་པོ།
  • Pūrvavideha

One of the four continents of the human world according to traditional Indian cosmology, it is situated to the east of Mount Sumeru.

4 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­30
  • 12.­7
  • 12.­11
  • g.­158

Links to further resources:

  • 12 related glossary entries
g.­210

Pūtana

  • srul po
  • སྲུལ་པོ།
  • pūtana

A class of disease-causing spirits associated with cemeteries and dead bodies.

8 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­78
  • 2.­94
  • 3.­58
  • 4.­123
  • 4.­124
  • 5.­1
  • 7.­39
  • 12.­69

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  • 11 related glossary entries
g.­211

Quintessence of the Sun’s Energy

  • nyi ma’i shugs kyi snying po
  • ཉི་མའི་ཤུགས་ཀྱི་སྙིང་པོ།
  • —

A bodhisattva residing in a buddha realm in the eastern direction at the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

14 passages contain this term: