རབ་ཏུ་འབྱུང་བའི་གཞི།
The Chapter on Going Forth
Pravrajyāvastu
འདུལ་བ་གཞི་ལས། རབ་ཏུ་འབྱུང་བའི་གཞི།
’dul ba gzhi las/ rab tu ’byung ba’i gzhi
“The Chapter on Going Forth” from The Chapters on Monastic Discipline
Vinayavastu Pravrajyāvastu

Toh 1-1
Degé Kangyur, vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 1.a–131.a.
Translated by Robert Miller and team
under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha
First published 2018
Current version v 1.34.17 (2020)
Generated by 84000 Reading Room v2.1.18
84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha is a global non-profit initiative to translate all the Buddha’s words into modern languages, and to make them available to everyone.

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Summary
“The Chapter on Going Forth” is the first of seventeen chapters in The Chapters on Monastic Discipline, a four-volume work which outlines the statutes and procedures that govern life in a Buddhist monastic community. This first chapter traces the development of the rite by which postulants were admitted into the monastic order, from Buddha Śākyamuni’s informal invitation to “Come, join me,” to the more elaborate “Present Day Rite.” Along the way, the posts of preceptor and instructor are introduced, their responsibilities defined, and a dichotomy between reliable monks and immature novices described. While the heart of the chapter is a transcript of the “Present Day Rite,” the text is interwoven with numerous narrative asides, depicting the spiritual ferment of the north Indian region of Magadha during the Buddha’s lifetime, the follies of untrained and unsupervised apprentices, and the need for a formal system of tutelage.
Acknowledgements
This translation was carried out from the Tibetan by Robert Miller with the guidance of Geshé Tséwang Nyima. Ven. Lhundup Damchö (Dr. Diana Finnegan) provided her draft translation of the extant Sanskrit portions of this chapter. Dr. Fumi Yao and Maurice Ozaine kindly identified numerous misspellings and mistakes in the glossaries. Both Ven. Damchö and Dr. Yao generously shared their extensive knowledge of the Mūlasarvāstivādin Vinaya and furnished invaluable assistance in researching the translation. Matthew Wuethrich served as style consultant and editor.
The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.
The generous sponsorship of Zhou Tian Yu, Chen Yi Qin, Irene Tillman, Archie Kao, and Zhou Xun, which helped make the work on this translation possible, is most gratefully acknowledged.
Colophon
This was translated by the Kashmiri abbot Sarvajñādeva, the Indian abbot Vidyākaraprabha, the Kashmiri abbot Dharmākara, and the translator Bandé Palgyi Lhünpo. It was then revised and finalized by the Indian abbot Vidyākaraprabha and the managing editor-translator, Bandé Paltsek.203
Abbreviations
C | Choné |
---|---|
D | Degé |
H | Lhasa (Shöl) |
J | Lithang |
K | Beijing Kangxi |
KY | Yongle |
N | Narthang |
S | Stok Palace Manuscript |
Notes
Bibliography
The Translated Text: “The Chapter on Going Forth”
rab tu ’byung ba’i gzhi (Pravrajyāvastu). Toh 1, ch. 1, Degé Kangyur, vol. 1 (’dul ba, ka), folios 1.a–131.a.
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Glossary
Abandoned the five branches
- yan lag lnga spangs pa
- ཡན་ལག་ལྔ་སྤངས་པ།
- —
Buddhas have abandoned five branches or factors that perpetuate saṃsāra: pursuing desires, ill will, lethargy and languor, regret and agitation, and view and doubt.
Abode of Tuṣita
- dga’ ldan gyi gnas
- དགའ་ལྡན་གྱི་གནས།
- Tuṣitabhavana
One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, counted among the six heavens of the desire realm, it is home of future Buddha Maitreya.
Abscesses
- shu ba
- ཤུ་བ།
- dardgu
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Accept charge of
- nye bar gzhag pa
- gzung ba
- ཉེ་བར་གཞག་པ།
- གཟུང་བ།
- —
To look after a novice ward or apprentice.
Account for
- grangs dag ’debs
- གྲངས་དག་འདེབས།
- —
As in to account for the income and allocations of a monastery.
Act
- las
- ལས།
- karman
Matters that govern the saṅgha community’s daily life, regular observances (such as the rains retreat and the purification) and special events (like ordination) are ratified by a formal act of the saṅgha. There are one hundred and one such types of formal acts, all of which fall into one of three categories depending on the procedure needed for ratification. An act of motion alone requires only a petition; an act whose second member is a motion require a motion and the statement of the act; while an act whose fourth member is a motion require a motion and three statements of the act.
Act of censure
- bsdigs pa’i las
- བསྡིགས་པའི་ལས།
- tarjanīyakarman
One of five types of disciplinary acts meted out by the saṅgha. This was first imposed on the Pandulohitaka monks for their quarrelsomeness.
Act of chastening
- smad pa’i las
- སྨད་པའི་ལས།
- nirgarhaṇīyakarman
One of five types of disciplinary acts meted out by the saṅgha.
Act of expulsion
- bskrad pa’i las
- བསྐྲད་པའི་ལས།
- pravāsanīyakarman
One of five types of disciplinary acts meted out by the saṅgha.
Act of motion alone
- gsol ba ’ba’ zhig gi las
- གསོལ་བ་འབའ་ཞིག་གི་ལས།
- muktikājñāptikarman
A formal act of the saṅgha in which the motion suffices, with no need to formally state the act. Such an act is employed before a candidate for ordination is asked about confidential matters pertaining to his fitness for ordination.
Act of reconciliation
- phyir ’gyed pa’i las
- ཕྱིར་འགྱེད་པའི་ལས།
- pratisaṃharaṇīyakarman
One of five types of disciplinary acts meted out by the saṅgha.
Act of suspension
- gnas nas dbyung ba’i las
- གནས་ནས་དབྱུང་བའི་ལས།
- utkṣepaṇīyakarman
One of five types of disciplinary acts meted out by the saṅgha. A monk may be suspended on one of seven grounds: failing to acknowledge a fault; refusing to amend or rehabilitate one’s behavior; deviant views; being overly belligerent and quarrelsome; creating the circumstances for a quarrel; maintaining overly close relations with nuns, unruly people, and ne’er-do-wells; and refusing to let go of a Dharma matter that has been peacefully resolved.
Act whose fourth member is a motion
- gsol ba dang bzhi’i las
- གསོལ་བ་དང་བཞིའི་ལས།
- jñāpticaturthakarman
A formal act of the saṅgha that requires an initial motion followed by the statement of the proposed act, repeated three times. Such an act is required for several proceedings—among other occasions, to fully ordain someone, or to officially threaten an intransigent monk.
Āgama
- lung
- ལུང་།
- āgama
The Mūlasarvāstivādin tradition grouped the Buddha’s early sūtra discourses into four divisions, or Āgama (Tib. mdo sde’i lung sde bzhi ): the Dīrghāgama (Tib. lung ring po ), the Madhyamāgama (Tib. lung bar ma ), the Ekottarikāgama (Tib. lung gcig las ’phros pa ), and the Saṃyuktāgama (Tib. lung dag ldan / yang dar par ldan pa’i lung ). They are more familiar to many English-speaking Buddhists through the translations of their Pali correlates: the Dīgha Nikāya, Majjhima Nikāya, Aṅguttara Nikāya, and the Samyutta Nikāya, for which see the Wisdom Publications titles: The Long Discourses of the Buddha, The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha, The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha, and The Connected Discourses of the Buddha, respectively.
Āgati flower
- spra ba’i me tog
- སྤྲ་བའི་མེ་ཏོག
- āgati
Sesbania grandiflora.
Ajita of the hair shawl
- mi pham skra’i la ba can
- མི་ཕམ་སྐྲའི་ལ་བ་ཅན།
- Ajita Keśakambala
One of the six tīrthika teachers contemporaneous with Śākyamuni.
Allocations
- ’god pa
- འགོད་པ།
- —
Allow someone to go forth
- rab tu dbyung ba
- རབ་ཏུ་དབྱུང་བ།
- pravrājayati
Alms
- bsod snyoms kyi zas
- བསོད་སྙོམས་ཀྱི་ཟས།
- piṇḍapāta
An acceptable form of food for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Always abide by the six spheres
- rtag tu gnas pa drug gis gnas pa
- རྟག་ཏུ་གནས་པ་དྲུག་གིས་གནས་པ།
- —
To always abide by the six spheres means to always be aware of and attentive to the six objects of visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and mental consciousness.
Anal fistula
- bkres ngab
- བཀྲེས་ངབ།
- aṭakkara
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Ānanda
- kun dga’
- ཀུན་དགའ།
- Ānanda
The Buddha’s nephew and attendant who recited the Buddha’s sūtra discourses from memory after the Buddha passed.
Anāthapiṇḍada’s grove
- mgon med zas sbyin gyi kun dga’ ra ba
- མགོན་མེད་ཟས་སྦྱིན་གྱི་ཀུན་དགའ་ར་བ།
- Anāthapiṇḍadārāma
Known also as Jetavana, this was an important early site for the Buddha’s growing community. Anāthapiṇḍada, a wealthy patron of the Buddha, purchased the park, located outside Śrāvasti, at great cost, purportedly covering the ground with gold, and donated it to the saṅgha. It was there that the Buddha spent several rainy seasons and gave discourses there that were later recorded as sūtras. It was also the site for one of the first Buddhist monasteries.
Anavatapta
- mtsho chen po ma dros pa
- མཚོ་ཆེན་པོ་མ་དྲོས་པ།
- Anavatapta
Name of a lake.
Aparāntin cloth
- nyi ’og gi gos
- ཉི་འོག་གི་གོས།
- aparāntaka
An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual. Cloth from foreign countries to the west of Magadha, such as Aparānta (also Aparāntaka), an ancient kingdom in western India.
Apprentice
- nye gnas
- ཉེ་གནས།
- —
Appropriate conduct
- kun tu spyod pa’i chos
- ཀུན་ཏུ་སྤྱོད་པའི་ཆོས།
- samudācāradharma
Arāḍa Brahmadatta
- rtsibs kyis ’phur tshangs byin
- རྩིབས་ཀྱིས་འཕུར་ཚངས་བྱིན།
- Arāḍa Brahmadatta
King of Śrāvastī and father of Prasenajit.
Arthritis
- rtsib logs tsha ba
- རྩིབ་ལོགས་ཚ་བ།
- pārśvadāha
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Ascetic
- dge sbyong
- དགེ་སྦྱོང་།
- śramaṇa
Specifically non-Vedic ascetics; śramaṇa ascetics are typically contrasted with brahmin householders.
See also n.25.
Ascetic attendant
- phyi bzhin ’brang ba’i dge sbyong
- ཕྱི་བཞིན་འབྲང་བའི་དགེ་སྦྱོང་།
- paścācchramaṇa
A kind of apprentice disciple.
Asthma
- dbugs mi bde ba
- དབུགས་མི་བདེ་བ།
- śvāsa
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Aśvajit
- rta thul
- རྟ་ཐུལ།
- Aśvajit
One of the Five Excellent Companions, with whom Siddhārtha Gautama practiced asceticism near the Nairañjanā River and later heard the Buddha first teach the Four Noble Truths at the Deer Park in Sarnath. He was renowned for his pure conduct and holy demeanor so Buddha sent him to attract Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana to the order.
Aśvaka
- ’gro mgyogs
- འགྲོ་མགྱོགས།
- Aśvaka
One of the notorious “group of six” monks whose antics and heavy-handed interference prompted a great many of the Buddha’s injunctions on conduct.
Authorize
- bka’ stsal ba
- བཀའ་སྩལ་བ།
- —
Awakening’s seven branches
- byang chub kyi yan lag bdun
- བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཡན་ལག་བདུན།
- saptabodhyaṅa
Mindfulness, discernment, diligence, joy, pliancy, samādhi, and equanimity (Kalyāṇamitra, folios 217.b.6–218.b.2).
Banyan Grove
- n+ya gro d+ha’i kun dga’ ra ba
- ནྱ་གྲོ་དྷའི་ཀུན་དགའ་ར་བ།
- Nyagrodhārāma
The Buddha’s father, King Śuddhodana, donated this park on the outskirts of the Śākya kingdom of Kapilavastu, in present day Nepal, to the Buddhist community.
Bar
- skyes bu
- སྐྱེས་བུ།
- —
A synonym for the wood splint used as a sundial to mark time in ordination ceremonies.
Bark
- shing shun
- ཤིང་ཤུན།
- valkala
Cloth made from the bark of the valkala tree was worn by Indian ascetics but forbidden to Buddhist monks and nuns.
Belief in the transient aggregates
- ’jig tshogs la lta ba
- འཇིག་ཚོགས་ལ་ལྟ་བ།
- satkākadṛṣṭi
Bhadrika
- bzang ldan
- བཟང་ལྡན།
- Bhadrika
One of the five excellent companions, with whom Siddhārtha Gautama practiced asceticism near the Nairañjanā River and who later heard the Buddha first teach the Four Noble Truths at the Deer Park in Sarnath.
Bhāgīrathī
- chu klung skal ldan shing rta
- ཆུ་ཀླུང་སྐལ་ལྡན་ཤིང་རྟ།
- Bhāgīrathī
Another name for the river Gaṇgā, mentioned by the teacher Sañjayin in encouraging Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana to seek out the Buddha who was born on its banks.
Bimbisāra
- gzugs can snying po
- གཟུགས་ཅན་སྙིང་པོ།
- Bimbisāra
The king of Magadha and a great patron of Śākyamūni Buddha. His birth coincided with the Buddha’s. His father, mistakenly attributing the brilliant light that marked the Buddha’s birth to the birth of his son by Queen Bimbī (Goldie), named him ‘Essence of Gold.’
Birth totem gods
- lhan cig skyes pa’i lha
- ལྷན་ཅིག་སྐྱེས་པའི་ལྷ།
- devatā sahajā
Yakṣa and other spirits that appear at the same time a person is born in order to protect them.
Black begging bowl carriers
- lhung bzed nag pa can
- ལྷུང་བཟེད་ནག་པ་ཅན།
- kālapātrika
A euphemism for those who seek alms, understood to refer to Buddhist monks.
Blood disorders
- khrag nad
- ཁྲག་ནད།
- rudhira
Illnesses that may be considered an impediment to ordination
See also n.125.
Bondmen
- lha ’bangs
- ལྷ་འབངས།
- kalpikāra
Bondmen bound to serve the saṅgha.
Bondsman
- bran
- བྲན།
- dāsa
Someone born into service, e.g. the children of slaves, serfs, and servants.
Bone pain
- rus pa la zug pa
- རུས་པ་ལ་ཟུག་པ།
- asthibheda
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Boundary
- mtshams
- མཚམས།
- sīmā
An area demarcated by the saṅgha which then functions as the community’s borders. Such boundaries may be set to define the area monks are confined to during the rains retreat. A gathering of all the monks within these boundaries constitutes a “consensus,” during which formal acts of saṅgha may be performed.
Brahmā
- tshangs pa
- ཚངས་པ།
- Brahmā
An important god in the Vedic pantheon who asked Buddha to teach after his awakening, which led Buddha to seek out his former companions.
Brethren
- tshangs pa mtshungs par spyod pa
- ཚངས་པ་མཚུངས་པར་སྤྱོད་པ།
- sabrahmacārin
Those who are engaged in the same celibate spiritual path as the protagonist.
Buddharakṣita
- sangs rgyas ’tsho
- སངས་རྒྱས་འཚོ།
- Buddharakṣita
A wealthy householder from Śrāvastī who fathered Saṅgharakṣita.
Burrowed out crevice
- bya skyibs su byas pa
- བྱ་སྐྱིབས་སུ་བྱས་པ།
- kṛtaprāgbhāra
An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Call up
- go skon
- གོ་སྐོན།
- saṃnāhayati
To call up reserves or members of a standing army.
Captive
- brkus pa
- བརྐུས་པ།
- muṣita
Someone seized and held captive by another government, as with prisoners of war.
Carbuncles
- lhog pa
- ལྷོག་པ།
- lohaliṅga
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. See also n.125.
Ceremonial robe
- snam sbyar
- སྣམ་སྦྱར།
- saṃghāṭi
One of a Buddhist monk’s three robes
Chanda
- ’dun pa
- འདུན་པ།
- Chanda
One of the notorious “group of six” monks whose antics and heavy-handed interference prompted a great many of the Buddha’s injunctions on conduct.
Chapter
- gzhi
- གཞི།
- vastu
Chattel
- btsongs pa
- བཙོངས་པ།
- vikrīta
Someone obtained through sale.
Chronic fevers
- rtag pa’i rims
- རྟག་པའི་རིམས།
- nityajvara
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Clemency
- bzod pa
- བཟོད་པ།
- —
Cloth of a fitting color
- kha dog ran pa
- ཁ་དོག་རན་པ།
- samavarṇa
An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual. In this case, a “fitting color” has equal shades of blue, yellow, and saffron while “ill-colored” means exclusively blue, yellow, or saffron.
Coin
- kAr ShA pa Na
- ཀཱར་ཥཱ་པ་ཎ།
- kārṣāpaṇa
A coin of variable value, sometimes worth as little as a burnt bun and other times equal to twenty gold coins.
“Come, join me, monk.”
- dge slong tshur shog gi bsnyen par rdzogs pa
- དགེ་སློང་ཚུར་ཤོག་གི་བསྙེན་པར་རྫོགས་པ།
- ehibhikṣukā upasaṃpadā
The informal ordination first employed by the Buddha.
Competent monk
- yul las byed pa’i dge ’dun
- ཡུལ་ལས་བྱེད་པའི་དགེ་འདུན།
- —
A monk to whom one may give one’s proxy in case one cannot attend a official saṅgha function.
Complexes
- ’dus pa
- འདུས་པ།
- samnipāta
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Confronted
- sems yongs su gtugs
- སེམས་ཡོངས་སུ་གཏུགས།
- —
Congenital hermaphrodite
- skyes nas ma ning
- སྐྱེས་ནས་མ་ནིང་།
- jātipaṇḍaka
Someone born with both male and female sexual organs. One of the five types of paṇḍaka, all of whom are barred from joining the renunciate order.
Consent
- ’dun pa
- འདུན་པ།
- chanda
A monk absent from an official saṅgha function, such as the purification, must send word he will consent to any actions taken in his absence. Such consent is sent by proxy.
Consult
- zhu bar byed pa
- ཞུ་བར་བྱེད་པ།
- —
Convert to a tīrthika order
- mu stegs can zhugs pa
- མུ་སྟེགས་ཅན་ཞུགས་པ།
- tīrthikāvakrāntaka
A person, who though once a Buddhist later converts, barred from joining the renunciate order.
Cotton cloth
- ras gos
- རས་གོས།
- kārpāsaka
An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Cough
- lud pa
- ལུད་པ།
- kāsa
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Countering and undermining to the self
- bdag lhan cig rtsod pa ’gyed par ’gyur
- བདག་ལྷན་ཅིག་རྩོད་པ་འགྱེད་པར་འགྱུར།
- —
Credentials
- tshul shing
- ཚུལ་ཤིང་།
- śalākā
A bamboo stick distributed to monks and used as a voting ballot or meal ticket. Also used by non-Buddhist orders as an identity certificate.
Cretins
- gta’ gam
- གཏའ་གམ།
- kandalīcchinnaka
A person whose growth is stunted and exhibits general sluggishness due to hypothyroidism.
Cripple
- rten ’phye
- རྟེན་འཕྱེ།
- pīṭhasarpin
One who is said to have a physical condition considered an impediment to ordination.
Crossed the four rivers
- chu bo bzhi las rgal ba
- ཆུ་བོ་བཞི་ལས་རྒལ་བ།
- caturoghottīrṇa
Buddhas have crossed the rivers of desire, existence, view, and ignorance.
Daily fevers
- rims nyin re ba
- རིམས་ཉིན་རེ་བ།
- —
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Daily practice
- nyin mo spyod pa
- ཉིན་མོ་སྤྱོད་པ།
- dinacaryā
Debilitating digestive disorders
- ya za ma zug
- ཡ་ཟ་མ་ཟུག
- tālamukta
A physical condition considered an impediment to ordination.
Debunk
- rnam par ’tshe ba
- རྣམ་པར་འཚེ་བ།
- —
Defeat
- pham pa
- ཕམ་པ།
- pārājika
The most severe of the five types of transgressions a monk can incur. It cannot be expunged and results in the monk’s defrocking, unless the saṅgha sees fit to allow him to engage in rehabilitory training.
Defilements
- zag pa
- ཟག་པ།
- —
Demotion
- spo ba
- སྤོ་བ།
- pārivāsa
A period of penance imposed by the saṅgha if a monk incurs a transgression whose remnant is restored by the saṅgha and confesses it straight away. During the period of demotion, the offending monk loses many privileges and is barred from participating in offical acts of the saṅgha, such as ordination ceremonies.
See also n.145.
Demotion, probation, and reinstatement
- spo mgu dbyung gsum
- སྤོ་མགུ་དབྱུང་གསུམ།
- parivāsa, mānāpya, āvarhaṇa
Official acts of saṅgha enacted when a monk incurs a transgression whose remnant is restored by the saṅgha.
See also n.145.
Deposits
- gzhag pa
- གཞག་པ།
- —
A skill taught to brahmins and kings that may relate to finance or grammar.
See also n.60.
Deviant views
- sdig pa can gyi lta ba
- སྡིག་པ་ཅན་གྱི་ལྟ་བ།
- pāpadarśana
One of seven grounds for suspension from the saṅgha community.
Dharmākara
- dharmA ka ra
- དྷརྨཱ་ཀ་ར།
- Dharmākara
Butön includes the Kashmiri abbot Dharmākara in his list of ninety-three paṇḍitas invited to Tibet to assist in the translation of the Buddhist scriptures. Tāranātha dates Dharmākara to the rule of *Vanapāla, son of Dharmapāla. With Paltsek, he translated two of Kalyāṇamitra’s works on Vinaya, the Vinayapraśnakārikā (’dul ba dri ba’i tshig le’ur byas pa, Toh 4134, Degé Tengyur, vol. SU, folios 70.b.3–74.b.5) and the Vinayapraśnaṭīkā (’dul ba dri ba rgya cher ’grel pa, Toh 4135, Degé Tengyur, vol. SU, folios 74.b.5–132.a.2).
Discarded rags
- phyag dar
- ཕྱག་དར།
- saṃkāra
An acceptable type of clothing for a Buddhist monk, as detailed in the Four Resources section.
Disciple
- nyan thos
- ཉན་ཐོས།
- śrāvaka
Disciplinary act
- nan tur gyi las
- ནན་ཏུར་གྱི་ལས།
- praṇidhikarman
A formal act of the saṅgha requiring a act whose fourth member is a motion, meted out to a wayward monk or monks. There are five types: acts of censure, chastening, expulsion, reconciliation, and suspension.
Dissipation
- rims ldang dub pa
- རིམས་ལྡང་དུབ་པ།
- —
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Diver
- rkyal chen
- རྐྱལ་ཆེན།
- kaivarta
A member of an oceangoing ship’s crew whose job was to dive for pearls. Can also mean “fisherman.”
Dreadlocked fire-worshipper
- me ba ral pa can
- མེ་བ་རལ་པ་ཅན།
- jaṭila
The name by which the Jaṭila ascetic order is known in the Vinaya. Jaṭila were early converts of the Buddha. Many were said to have converted en masse after the Buddha delivered the “Fire Sermon” (Pali Ādittapariyāya Sutta) to Kāśyapa and his followers at Uruvilvā. See the Saṅghabhedavastu (Tib. dge ’dun dbyen gyi gzhi) for the Mūlasarvāstivādin account of their conversion.
Dry rashes
- g.ya’
- གཡའ།
- kaṇḍū
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Dugūla
- du gu la’i ras
- དུ་གུ་ལའི་རས།
- daukūlaka
Also spelled dukula and dugulla, this has been identified differently over the centuries as a kind of barkfibre cloth, woven silk, linen, and cloth made from cotton grown in Ganda. It is considered an acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Dwarf
- mi’u thung
- མིའུ་ཐུང་།
- vāmana
A physical condition considered an impediment to ordination.
Early Rite
- sngon gyi cho ga
- སྔོན་གྱི་ཆོ་ག
- purākalpa
The early ordination rite, later adapted to include stricter criteria for admission and introduce the intermediate step, between joining the order and ordination, of induction into the novitiate.
Earthen cave
- sa phug
- ས་ཕུག
- bhūmiguhā
- bhūmigrahā
An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Eight branches of the path
- lam gyi yan lag brgyad
- ལམ་གྱི་ཡན་ལག་བརྒྱད།
- aṣṭāṅgamārga
Right view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.
Elders
- gnas brtan gyi sde
- གནས་བརྟན་གྱི་སྡེ།
- sthavira
One of the eighteen nikāya schools.
Elephantiasis
- rkang ’bam
- རྐང་འབམ།
- ślīpadin
A physical condition considered an impediment to ordination.
Eunuch
- za ma
- ཟ་མ།
- ṣaṇḍha
Everyday fare
- rtag res ’khor
- རྟག་རེས་འཁོར།
- naityaka
An acceptable form of food for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Exanthema
- ’brum phran
- འབྲུམ་ཕྲན།
- kiṭibha
An illness such as measles or rubella, considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Expenditures
- dbyung ba
- དབྱུང་བ།
- —
A skill taught to brahmins and kings that may relate to finance or grammar.
See also n.60.
Fatigue
- ngal ba
- ངལ་བ།
- klama
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Fault
- nyes byas
- ཉེས་བྱས།
- duṣkṛta
One of five types of transgressions a monk can incur. These 112 types of fault are the lightest type of transgression. There are expunged through resolving to refrain from them in the future.
Favorite of the king
- rgyal pos bkrabs pa
- རྒྱལ་པོས་བཀྲབས་པ།
- rājabhaṭa
Such as a courtier. One of the classes of people barred from joining the renunciate order.
Fearless in four ways
- mi ’jigs pa bzhi
- མི་འཇིགས་པ་བཞི།
- caturvaiśāradya
- caturabhaya
Buddhas have no fear in proclaiming that they have achieved perfect buddhahood, exhausted defilements, teach the path of renunciation, and teach precisely what constitutes an obstacle to that path and realization.
Feasts on the fifth, the eighth, the fourteenth, or the full moon
- lnga ston
- brgyad ston
- bcu bzhi ston
- nya ston
- ལྔ་སྟོན།
- བརྒྱད་སྟོན།
- བཅུ་བཞི་སྟོན།
- ཉ་སྟོན།
- pāñcamika
- aṣṭamika
- caturdaśika
- pāñcadaśika
Feasts falling on these days of the lunar month are considered an acceptable form of food for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Fetishist
- ’khyud nas ldang ba’i ma ning
- འཁྱུད་ནས་ལྡང་བའི་མ་ནིང་།
- āsaktaprādurbhāvī paṇḍaka
“The Chapter on Going Forth” defines this as, “One who becomes erect if embraced by another.” Though its exact meaning is not clear, fetishism seems to be implied. One of the five types of paṇḍaka, all of whom are barred from joining the renunciate order.
Fevers which last a day
- nyin gcig pa
- ཉིན་གཅིག་པ།
- ekāhika
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Fine Kāśī cotton
- yul ka shi’i ras phran
- ཡུལ་ཀ་ཤིའི་རས་ཕྲན།
- kāśikasūkṣma
An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Fits
- brjed byed
- བརྗེད་བྱེད།
- apasmāra
Epileptic or otherwise, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Five types of transgressions
- ltung ba sde lnga
- ལྟུང་བ་སྡེ་ལྔ།
- pañcāpattinīkāya
The 253 different transgressions a monk may incur are divided into five types: defeats, transgressions whose remnant is restored by the saṅgha, offenses, transgressions requiring personal confession, and faults.
See also n.122.
Fluid retention
- skya rbab
- སྐྱ་རྦབ།
- pāṇḍu
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Food and drink fit for a period
- thun tshod du rung ba
- ཐུན་ཚོད་དུ་རུང་བ།
- yāmikāni
- yāmikaḥ
One of “the four medicines.” This category of medicine is comprised of juices and selected other strained or pulp-free liquids, which were mainly allowed as they helped to combat the “illness” of thirst. This includes coca (coconut milk), moca (gum of the śālmalī tree), kola (jujube, sour juice or vinegar), aśvattha (juice of leaves of the fig-tree or bodhi tree), udumbara (juice of leaves of the fig-tree), pāruṣika (juice of Frewia Asiatica), mṛdvikā (raisin juice), kharjura (date juice).
Food fit for a time
- dus su rung ba
- དུས་སུ་རུང་བ།
- kālikāni
- kālikaḥ
One of “the four medicines.” “Food fit for a time” is food eaten between dawn and noon, the appropriate time according to the monastic code. It refers mainly to maṇḍa (scum of boiled rice), odana (boiled rice gruel), kulmāsa (sour gruel), and māṃsapūpā (meat cake). It is medicinal in that it is primarily aimed at combating the “illness” of hunger. An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Foot of a tree
- shing drung
- ཤིང་དྲུང་།
- vṛkṣamūla
An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Foundations of the training
- bslab pa’i gzhi
- བསླབ་པའི་གཞི།
- śikṣāpada
Refers to the knowledge and stability that conduce to abandoning disturbing emotions or the basic precepts one pledges to uphold when going for refuge, such as refraining from killing.
Four foundations of miraculous conduct
- rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi
- རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་གྱི་རྐང་པ་བཞི།
- catvāra ṛddhipādā
Aspiration, diligence, attention, and analysis.
Four means of attraction
- bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi
- བསྡུ་བའི་དངོས་པོ་བཞི།
- catvāri saṃgrahavastūni
Buddhas attract disciples through generosity, speaking pleasantly, consistency in action, and acting altruistically.
Four resources
- gnas bzhi
- གནས་བཞི།
- catvāro niśrayaḥ
In getting ordained, a monk pledges to make do with a restricted set of resources that conduce to the spiritual life. These fall into four categories: clothing, shelter, food, and medicine.
Full demotion
- yongs su spo ba
- ཡོངས་སུ་སྤོ་བ།
- —
A full demotion is imposed when a monk who has incurred a transgression whose remnant is restored by the saṅgha nurses for a full night his intention to conceal that lapse (Viśeṣamitra, folio 135.b).
Further demotion
- yang gzhi nas bslang ste spo ba
- ཡང་གཞི་ནས་བསླང་སྟེ་སྤོ་བ།
- mūlāpakarṣaparivāsa
Imposed on a monk who incurs a third transgression whose remnant is restored by the saṅgha while serving his demotion.
Further probation
- yang gzhi nas bslang ste mgu bar bya ba
- ཡང་གཞི་ནས་བསླང་སྟེ་མགུ་བར་བྱ་བ།
- mūlāpakarṣamānāpya
- mūlāpakarṣamānātva
Imposed on a monk who incurs a third transgression whose remnant is restored by the saṅgha while serving his probation.
Gandharva
- dri za
- དྲི་ཟ།
- gandharva
The term usually (and elsewhere in this text) refers to a class of non-human beings sometimes known as “celestial musicians.” In this particular context, however, it designates a disembodied sentient being in the intermediate state between death and rebirth, seeking a new body in which to take rebirth.
Gavāmpati
- ba lang bdag
- བ་ལང་བདག
- Gavāmpati
One of the first to join the Buddha’s order of monks. He followed his friend Yaśas into the Buddhist order.
Gayāśīrṣa
- ga yA mgo
- ག་ཡཱ་མགོ
- Gayāśīrṣa
Site of a stūpa where the Buddha instructed the thousand monks from Uruvilvā by displaying three miracles, thereby freeing them from the wilds of saṃsāra and establishing them in the utterly final state of perfection and the unsurpassably blissful state of nirvāṇa.
Ghee
- zhun mar
- ཞུན་མར།
- ājya
- ghṛta
An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Givers of instruction
- gnas sbyin pa
- གནས་སྦྱིན་པ།
- niśrayadāyaka
A monk who gives you instruction for even a single day. One of five types of instructors named by the Buddha when asked to elaborate on the role of an instructor.
Go forth
- rab tu ’byung ba
- རབ་ཏུ་འབྱུང་བ།
- pravrajati
To leave the life of a householder and embrace the life of a wandering, renunciant follower of the Buddha.
Gods of park shrines
- kun dga’ ra ba’i lha
- ཀུན་དགའ་ར་བའི་ལྷ།
- ārāmadeva
Goiters
- lba ba
- ལྦ་བ།
- galagaṇḍa
A physical condition considered an impediment to ordination.
Grass hut
- rtswa’i spyil bu
- རྩྭའི་སྤྱིལ་བུ།
- yavasakuṭikā
An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Groped
- phyar g.yeng
- ཕྱར་གཡེང་།
- —
Grove
- kun dga’ ra ba
- ཀུན་དགའ་ར་བ།
- ārāma
An ārāma was a private citizen’s garden, generally found within the limits of a town or city.
Gruel
- skyo ma
- སྐྱོ་མ།
- tarpaṇa
An acceptable form of food for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Hall
- khang bzangs
- ཁང་བཟངས།
- prāsāda
An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual. Also estate.
Hemorrhoids
- gzhang ’brum
- གཞང་འབྲུམ།
- arśa
- arśāṅgin
- arśāṅgikuṣṭa
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination
See also n.125.
Hempen cloth
- sha na’i ras
- ཤ་ནའི་རས།
- śaṇaśāṭin
An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Hermaphrodite
- mtshan gnyis pa
- མཚན་གཉིས་པ།
- ubhayavyañjana
Hiccoughs
- skyigs bu
- སྐྱིགས་བུ།
- hikkā
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Holy life
- tshangs spyod
- ཚངས་སྤྱོད།
- brahmacarya
A euphemism for celibacy.
Honey
- sbrang rtsi
- སྦྲང་རྩི།
- mākṣika
An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual. Also used to translate the Sanskrit “madhu.”
House
- khang pa
- ཁང་པ།
- bhavana
- veśman
An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Hunchback
- sgur po
- སྒུར་པོ།
- kubja
A physical condition considered an impediment to ordination.
Hut of leaves
- lo ma’i spyil bu
- ལོ་མའི་སྤྱིལ་བུ།
- parṇakuṭikā
An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Ill-colored cloth
- kha dog ngan pa
- ཁ་དོག་ངན་པ།
- durvarṇa
An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual. In this case, a “fitting color” has equal shades of blue, yellow, and saffron while “ill-colored” means exclusively blue, yellow, or saffron.
Immature elder
- gnas brtan byis pa
- གནས་བརྟན་བྱིས་པ།
- —
A monk who has been ordained for at least ten years yet still cannot recite thePrātimokṣasūtraor its supplements and is thus not entitled to grant entry into the order, grant ordination, oversee novices, give shelter, or live independently.
Impediments
- bar chad kyi chos
- བར་ཆད་ཀྱི་ཆོས།
- antarāyikadharma
Personal qualities or circumstances that impede the start of or success in a person’s monastic career.
Impostor
- rku thabs su gnas pa
- རྐུ་ཐབས་སུ་གནས་པ།
- steyasaṃvāsika
Someone who pretends to have been ordained though they have not. One class of person barred from joining the renunciate order.
In charge of providing clean drinking water
- skom gyi gtsang sbyor
- སྐོམ་གྱི་གཙང་སྦྱོར།
- pānakavārika
One of several official administrative or managerial positions at a monastery.
In segregation
- tha dad du gnas pa
- ཐ་དད་དུ་གནས་པ།
- nānāsaṃvāsika
The quality of someone who has done something to be removed from a monastery or harbored intentions that contradict the Dharma.
Income
- ’du ba
- འདུ་བ།
- —
Index
- sdom
- སྡོམ།
- uddāna
Inducted into the novitiate
- dge tshul nyid du nye bar sgrub pa
- དགེ་ཚུལ་ཉིད་དུ་ཉེ་བར་སྒྲུབ་པ།
- —
Informed noble disciples
- ’phags pa nyan thos thos pa dang ldan pa
- འཕགས་པ་ཉན་ཐོས་ཐོས་པ་དང་ལྡན་པ།
- āryaśrāvakaśrutavāt
Instructor
- slob dpon
- སློབ་དཔོན།
- ācārya
Along with the position of preceptor, this is one of two official positions created by the Buddha to ensure that new monks would receive sufficient training. The Buddha specified five types of instructor: instructors of novices, instructors who inquire into confidential matters, officiants, givers of instruction, and recitation instructors.
Instructor of novices
- dge tshul gyi slob dpon
- དགེ་ཚུལ་གྱི་སློབ་དཔོན།
- śrāmaṇerācārya
An instructor who grants refuge and the novice precepts. One of five types of instructors named by the Buddha when asked to elaborate on the role of an instructor.
Instructor who inquires into confidential matters
- gsang ste ston pa
- གསང་སྟེ་སྟོན་པ།
- raho'nuśāsaka
One of five types of instructors named by the Buddha when asked to elaborate on the role of an instructor.
Investiture
- nye bar sgrub pa
- ཉེ་བར་སྒྲུབ་པ།
- upanaya
The rite by which one is inducted into the novitiate and confirms a candidate’s status as a novice in the Buddhist order of renunciates.
Invited on a whim
- ’phral la bos pa
- འཕྲལ་ལ་བོས་པ།
- autpātika
To be invited to eat on a whim is an acceptable way to receive food for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Invited to a banquet
- mgron du bos pa
- མགྲོན་དུ་བོས་པ།
- nimantraṇaka
Food served at a banquet to which one has been invited is an acceptable form of food for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Jaundice
- mkhris nad
- མཁྲིས་ནད།
- pittadoṣa
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Jñātiputra, the Nirgrantha
- gnyen gyi bu gcer bu
- གཉེན་གྱི་བུ་གཅེར་བུ།
- Nirgrantha Jñātiputra
One of the six tīrthika teachers contemporaneous with Śākyamuni. According to some, one and the same with Mahāvira, the last Tīrthaṅkara of the Jains.
Junior exemplar
- ches gzhon pa
- ཆེས་གཞོན་པ།
- kaniṣṭha
An exemplar is one who has one or another of the twenty-one sets of five qualities given in “The Chapter on Going Forth.”
Jute cloth
- ko tam pa’i ras
- ཀོ་ཏམ་པའི་རས།
- koṭambaka
An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual. A low-grade cloth made from kotampa fibres or kausheyam silk and linen or cotton weave.
Kakuda Kātyāyana
- ka tyA’i bu nog can
- ཀ་ཏྱཱའི་བུ་ནོག་ཅན།
- Kakuda Kātyāyana
One of the six tīrthika teachers contemporaneous with Śākyamuni. Also rendered here as “Kakuda, a descendant of Kātyāyana.”
Kalandakanivāpa
- ka lan da ka’i gnas
- ཀ་ལན་ད་ཀའི་གནས།
- Kalandakanivāpa
A place where the Buddha often resided, within the Bamboo Grove (Veṇuvana) outside Rajagṛha that had been donated to him. The name is said to have arisen when, one day, King Bimbisāra fell asleep after a romantic liaison in the Bamboo Grove. While the king rested, his consort wandered off. A snake (the reincarnation of the park’s previous owner, who still resented the king’s acquisition of the park) approached with malign intentions. Through the king’s tremendous merit, a gathering of kalandaka—crows or other birds according to Tibetan renderings, but some Sanskrit and Pali sources suggest flying squirrels—miraculously appeared and began squawking. Their clamor alerted the king’s consort to the danger, who rushed back and hacked the snake to pieces, thereby saving the king’s life. King Bimbisāra then named the spot Kalandakanivāpa (“Kalandakas’ Feeding Place”), sometimes (though not in the Vinayavastu) given as Kalandakanivāsa (“Kalandakas’ Abode”) in their honor. The story is told in the Saṅghabhedavastu (Toh 1, ch.17, Degé Kangyur vol.4, folio 77.b et seq.).
Kālika
- nag po
- ནག་པོ།
- Kālika
The nāga king who lauded Siddhārtha after he gave up his austerities and prepared to sit under the bodhi tree.
Kanakamuni
- gser thub
- གསེར་ཐུབ།
- Kanakamuni
One of the six buddhas who preceded Śākyamuni in this Fortunate Eon.
Kapilavastu
- ser skye’i gnas
- སེར་སྐྱེའི་གནས།
- Kapilavastu
The Śākya capital, where Siddhārtha Gautama was raised.
Karpāsī forest
- ras bal can gyi tshal
- རས་བལ་ཅན་གྱི་ཚལ།
- Karpāsīvana
Where Buddha converted a noble band of sixty youths.
Kāśyapa
- ’od srung
- འོད་སྲུང་།
- Kāśyapa
One of the Buddha’s principal pupils, who became the Buddha’s successor on his passing. Also the name of the Buddha who preceded Śākyamuni.
Kāśyapa
- ’od srung
- འོད་སྲུང་།
- Kāśyapa
One of the six buddhas who preceded Śākyamuni in this Fortunate Eon. Also the name of the one of the Buddha’s principal pupils.
Kauṇḍinya
- kauNDi nya
- ཀཽཎཌི་ཉ།
- Kauṇḍinya
One of the five excellent companions, with whom Siddhārtha Gautama practiced asceticism near the Nairañjanā River and who later heard the Buddha first teach the Four Noble Truths at the Deer Park in Sarnath. Kauṇḍinya immediately realized its import and entered the stream, shortly thereafter becoming an arhat.
Kauśāmbī
- kau shAm bI
- ཀཽ་ཤཱམ་བཱི།
- Kauśāmbī
Home to a group of troublesome monks who quarreled with monks from Vaiśālī.
Keeper of the seals
- dam bzhag pa
- phyag rgya pa
- དམ་བཞག་པ།
- ཕྱག་རྒྱ་པ།
- mudrāvāra
The terms phyag rgya pa and dam bzhag pa are synonyms refering to one of several official administrative or managerial positions at a monastery.
Known bandit or thief
- chom rkun par grags pa
- ཆོམ་རྐུན་པར་གྲགས་པ།
- —
One of the classes of people barred from joining the renunciate order.
Kolita
- pang nas skyes
- པང་ནས་སྐྱེས།
- Kolita
The name given to Maudgalyāyana by his relatives because it seemed to them he had come to them from the lap of the gods.
Koṣṭhila
- stod rings
- སྟོད་རིངས།
- Koṣṭhila
Maternal uncle of Śāriputra and son of Māṭhara. He went south to study Lokāyata philosophy with Tiṣya. He later returned to study Lokāyata philosophy with an order of wandering ascetics, pledged not to cut his nails so long as he upheld Lokāyata philosophy and became known as Dīrghanakha, “He Who Has Long Fingernails.”
Krakucchanda
- ’khor ba ’jig
- འཁོར་བ་འཇིག
- Krakucchanda
One of the six buddhas who preceded Śākyamuni in this Fortunate Eon.
Kumārabhṛta, the physician
- ’tsho byed gzhon nu
- འཚོ་བྱེད་གཞོན་ནུ།
- Jīvaka Kumārabhṛta
Jīvaka is a title meaning “physician.” Kumārabhṛta means “raised by the prince,” in this case Prince Abhaya, who was said to have fostered the future physician. He was personal physician to King Bimbisāra and the Buddha. He asked that invalids would not be accepted into the order, for it would prove too great a burden on the king’s treasury, which paid for all the treatment he administered, and his own health.
Lambswool
- be’u phrug
- བེའུ་ཕྲུག
- saumilakā
An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Lame
- theng po
- ཐེང་པོ།
- khañja
A physical condition considered an impediment to ordination.
Large piece of cotton
- ras yug chen
- རས་ཡུག་ཆེན།
- paṭaka
“Large” meaning twelve cubits. An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Large pustules
- ’bras
- འབྲས།
- gaṇḍa
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Latent fever
- rims
- རིམས།
- jvara
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination.
See also n.125.
Lay devotee
- dge bsnyen
- དགེ་བསྙེན།
- upāsaka
The Tibetan and Sanskrit forms are gendered, and thus here specifically a male lay devotee, but there are also female lay devotees with the corresponding gendered forms.
Leprosy
- sha bkra
- ཤ་བཀྲ།
- —
An illness considered an impediment to ordination. Can translate both sitapuṣpika and kilāsa.
See also n.125.
Lifelong medicines
- ’tsho ba’i bar du bcang ba
- འཚོ་བའི་བར་དུ་བཅང་བ།
- yāvajjīvika
There are no limits to the length of time monks are permitted to keep medicine proper. Hence those compounds commonly understood to be medicine proper are literally called “kept lifelong,” that is “lifelong medicines.” These are aimed at combating illnesses that arise from the confluence of factors such as bile, phlegm, and wind. The texts describe these medicines as being made from roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and other plant materials.
Lifting restrictions
- dgag dbye
- དགག་དབྱེ།
- pravāraṇa
A ceremony in which restrictions adopted for the rains retreat are relaxed, marking its end. Also short for the Vinayavastu’s third chapter on the same.
Linen
- zar ma’i ras
- ཟར་མའི་རས།
- kṣaumaka
An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
List of contents
- spyi sdom
- སྤྱི་སྡོམ།
- piṇḍoddāna
Live independently
- nyid kyang mi gnas par ’dug pa
- ཉིད་ཀྱང་མི་གནས་པར་འདུག་པ།
- —
Literally, “to live where I do not,” where “I” refers to the Buddha.
Magadha
- ma ga d+ha
- མ་ག་དྷ།
- Magadha
A kingdom on the banks of the Ganges (in the southern part of the modern day Indian state of Bihar), whose capital was at Pāṭaliputra (modern day Patna). During the life of Śākyamuni Buddha, it was the dominant kingdom in north central India and is home to many of the most important Buddhist sites, including Bodh Gayā, Nālandā, and its capital Rājagṛha.
Mahānāman
- ming chen
- མིང་ཆེན།
- Mahānāman
One of the Five Excellent Companions, with whom Siddhārtha Gautama practiced asceticism near the Nairañjanā River and who later heard the Buddha first teach the Four Noble Truths at the Deer Park in Sarnath.
Majority
- phal chen sde
- ཕལ་ཆེན་སྡེ།
- Mahāsāṃghika
One of the eighteen nikāya schools.
Master of monastic discipline
- ’dul ba ’dzin pa
- འདུལ་བ་འཛིན་པ།
- vinayadhara
Matricide
- ma bsad pa
- མ་བསད་པ།
- mātṛghātaka
One class of person barred from joining the renunciate order.
Mātṛkā
- ma mo
- མ་མོ།
- mātṛkā
An early name for the abhidharmapiṭaka and also a germinal list or index of topics.
See also n.147.
Maudgalyāyana
- maud gal gyi bu
- མཽད་གལ་གྱི་བུ།
- Maudgalyāyana
The greatest miracle worker among the Buddha’s direct disciples. His relatives named him Maudgalyāyana in honor of his being a descendant of Mudgala. Respectfully referred to as Mahāmaudgalyāyana.
Medicinal fruits
- ’bras bu’i sman
- འབྲས་བུའི་སྨན།
- —
An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Medicinal leaves
- lo ma’i sman
- ལོ་མའི་སྨན།
- viṭapabhaiṣajya
An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Medicinal roots
- rtsa ba’i sman
- རྩ་བའི་སྨན།
- vṛntabhaiṣajya
An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Medicinal stalks
- sdong bu’i sman
- སྡོང་བུའི་སྨན།
- daṇḍabhaṣajya
An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Menial tasks
- dman pa’i spyod pa
- དམན་པའི་སྤྱོད་པ།
- —
A monk serving a punitive sentence must perform five kinds of menial deeds that entail his adopting the subservient role of a penitent.
Middle Country
- yul dbus
- ཡུལ་དབུས།
- Madhyadeśa
Most of the Buddha’s life and ministry took place in the Middle Country. Its land extended to the Likara Forest in the east; the city of Śarāvatī and the Śarāvatī River in the south; the brahmin towns of Sthūṇa and Upasthūṇa in the west; and Uśīragiri in the north.
Molasses
- bu ram gyi dbu ba
- བུ་རམ་གྱི་དབུ་བ།
- phāṇita
An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Monastery
- gtsug lag khang
- གཙུག་ལག་ཁང་།
- vihāra
Monk petitioner
- zhu ba’i dge slong
- ཞུ་བའི་དགེ་སློང་།
- —
The monk who acts as intermediary between a candidate for ordination and the saṅgha.
Monkhood
- dge slong gi dngos po
- དགེ་སློང་གི་དངོས་པོ།
- bhikṣubhāva
Also, according to certain usage, a phrase used in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya in praise of monks fully committed to the monastic ideal, as opposed especially to those who merely wear the robes.
Motion
- gsol ba
- གསོལ་བ།
- jñapti
A formal request, e.g. that a postulant be accepted into the renunciate order or that a monk serve as preceptor granting ordination, etc.
Motion to act
- las brjod pa
- ལས་བརྗོད་པ།
- karmavācanā
After a petition is put to the saṅgha, a monk other than the petitioner must make a motion to act on the petition.
Mountain cave
- ri phug
- རི་ཕུག
- giriguhā
An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Multi-story building
- khang pa brtsegs pa
- ཁང་པ་བརྩེགས་པ།
- kūṭāgāra
An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual. Also, terraced cottage, tower, pavilion, penthouse, etc.
Muslin
- dar la
- དར་ལ།
- aṃśuka
An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Nanda
- dga’ ba
- དགའ་བ།
- Nanda
One of the notorious “group of six” monks whose antics and heavy-handed interference prompted a great many of the Buddha’s injunctions on conduct.
Nandā
- dga’ mo
- དགའ་མོ།
- Nandā
One of two sisters who nursed Siddhārtha Gautama after his six years of austerities.
Nandabalā
- dga’ stobs
- དགའ་སྟོབས།
- Nandabalā
One of two sisters who nursed Siddhārtha Gautama after his six years of austerities.
Natural crevice
- bya skyibs su ma byas pa
- བྱ་སྐྱིབས་སུ་མ་བྱས་པ།
- akṛtaprāgbhāra
An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the Four Resources section of the ordination ritual.
Nausea
- skyug bro ba
- སྐྱུག་བྲོ་བ།
- chardi
Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination
See also n.125.
Never squatting
- tsog pu’i spong ba
- ཙོག་པུའི་སྤོང་བ།
- utkuṭukaprahāṇa
A form of asceticism practiced especially by Ājīvikas.
New monks
- gsar bu
- གསར་བུ།
- navaka
Nine stages of meditative absorption
- mthar gyis gnas pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa dgu
- མཐར་གྱིས་གནས་པའི་སྙོམས་པར་འཇུག་པ་དགུ
- navānupūrvavihārasamāpattaya
The four dhyānas, the four absorptions of the formless realm, and absorption in cessation.
Nine things that inspire aggression
- kun nas mnar sems kyi dngos po dgu
- ཀུན་ནས་མནར་སེམས་ཀྱི་དངོས་པོ་དགུ
- navāghātavastūni
In his Gateway to Knowledge, Mipham identifies three groups of three thoughts that inspire aggression: (1–3) the thoughts, “This has hurt me,” “This is hurting me,” and “This will hurt me”; (4–6) the thoughts “This has hurt someone dear to me,” “This is hurting someone dear to me,” and “This will hurt someone dear to me”; and (7–9) the thoughts, “This has helped my enemy,” “This helps my enemy,” and “This will help my enemy” (mi pham rgyam mtsho 1978, p. 74).
Novice
- dge tshul
- དགེ་ཚུལ།
- śrāmaṇera