ངན་པར་འགྲོ། | Glossary of Terms

A collective name for the realms of animals, hungry ghosts, and denizens of the hells.

A collective name for the realms of animals, hungry ghosts, and denizens of the hells.

The states of hell beings, hungry ghosts (pretas), and animals.

The states of hell beings, hungry ghosts, and animals.

The realms of hell beings, pretas, and animals.

Also translated as “lower rebirths.”

Lower rebirths within cyclic existence.

Lower rebirths within cyclic existence.

The lower realms of hell beings, hungry ghosts (pretas), and animals.

The realms of animals, hungry ghosts, and hell beings.

The three bad migrations are those of (1) denizens of hells, (2) inhabitants of the “limbo” of the pretaloka, where one wanders as an insatiably hungry and thirsty wretch, and (3) animals, who are trapped in the pattern of mutual devouring (Tib. gcig la gcig za).

The three lower realms of animals, pretas, and hell beings. Also translated as “sad destinies” and “miserable destinies.”

A synonym of “unfortunate rebirth-destiny.”

Also translated here as “lower realms.”

Also translated here as “inferior realms.”

Lower rebirths within cyclic existence.

See “evil destinies.”

The so-called lower realms of rebirth (see “unfortunate rebirth destinies”).

Usually Tibetan ngan song [gsum] is an expression for the three lower realms of rebirth according to Buddhist cosmology: animals, ghosts, and hell beings. Here, however, the asuras are counted among lower rebirths too.

A collective name for the realms of animals, pretas, and hell beings. The term is also referred to in this translation as “evil state.”

Rebirth in one of the three lower states of existence, namely, the hell realm, the realm of hungry ghosts, or the animal realm.