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གང་པོས་ཞུས་པ།

The Questions of Pūrṇa

Pūrṇaparipṛcchā

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འཕགས་པ་གང་གང་པོས་ཞུས་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།

’phags pa gang pos zhus pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo

The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra “The Questions of Pūrṇa”

Āryapūrṇaparipṛcchānāmamahāyānasūtra

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Toh 61

Degé Kangyur, vol. 42 (dkon brtsegs, nga), folios 168.b–227.a..

Translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee
under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.

First published 2020
Current version v 1.2.12 (2020)
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co.

Table of Contents

ti.Title
im.Imprint
co.Contents
s.Summary
ac.Acknowledgements
i.Introduction
tr.The Questions of Pūrṇa
+ 8 chapters- 8 chapters
1.The Conduct of Bodhisattvas
2.Erudition
3.Irreversible Progress
4.The Possession of Roots of Virtue
5.The Power of Miraculous Displays
6.Great Compassion
7.Responding to Controversies
8.Venerable Pūrṇa
n.Notes
b.Bibliography
g.Glossary

s.

Summary

s.­1

In Veṇuvana, outside Rājagṛha, Pūrṇa Maitrāyaṇīputra asks the Buddha about the conduct of bodhisattvas practicing on the path to awakening. The Buddha replies by describing the attitudes that bodhisattvas must possess as well as their benefits. Then, at the request of Maudgalyāyana, the Buddha recounts several of his past lives in which he himself practiced bodhisattva conduct. At the end of the teaching, the Buddha instructs the assembly about how to deal with specific objections to his teachings that outsiders might raise after he himself has passed into nirvāṇa.


ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

Translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee under the supervision of Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche. Benjamin Collet-Cassart and Nika Jovic translated the text from Tibetan into English and wrote the introduction. James Gentry then compared the translation with Kumārajīva’s Chinese translation. Finally, Andreas Doctor compared the draft translation with the original Tibetan and edited the text. Ryan Damron and Thomas Doctor also helped resolve several difficult passages.

This translation has been completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.


ac.­2

Work on this text would not have been possible without the generous sponsorship of 王学文 and 马国凤, which is most gratefully acknowledged.


i.

Introduction

i.­1

The Questions of Pūrṇa is the seventeenth sūtra among the forty-nine titles included in The Heap of Jewels collection in the Degé Kangyur. Although traditional scholars have quoted this sūtra in a number of Tibetan writings,1 the text has to our knowledge received very little attention in modern scholarship.2 Only a few of the texts contained in The Heap of Jewels are extant in Sanskrit, and The Questions of Pūrṇa is unfortunately not among them. There is only one Chinese translation (Taishō 310–17), produced by the renowned translator Kumārajīva, (344–413 ᴄᴇ) who completed the translation toward the end of his life in 405 ᴄᴇ, while residing in the then Chinese capital of Chang’an (today’s Xi’an). The Tibetan translation was completed in the early translation period and is listed in both early ninth-century catalogs, the Denkarma (Tib. ldan dkar ma) and the Phangthangma (Tib. ’phang thang ma). This English translation is based on the Degé block print, the Comparative Edition (Tib. dpe bsdur ma), and the Stok Palace manuscript, comparing these line by line with Kumārajīva’s Chinese translation.


The Translation

The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra

The Questions of Pūrṇa


1.

Chapter One

The Conduct of Bodhisattvas

1.­1

[F.168.b] [B1] Homage to all the buddhas and bodhisattvas!


1.­2

Thus did I hear at one time: The Blessed One was residing at the Veṇuvana in Rājagṛha, together with a great saṅgha of many monks and with countless bodhisattva great beings. At that time, the venerable Pūrṇa Maitrāyaṇīputra arose, draped his shawl over one shoulder, and knelt on his right knee. With his palms joined together in the direction of the Blessed One he said, “Blessed One, I have a few questions to ask you. Thus-Gone One, please consider me with love and grant me this request.”


2.

Chapter Two

Erudition

2.­1

“Pūrṇa,” continued the Blessed One, “if bodhisattvas possess four qualities, they will amass great knowledge, such that it will not be exhausted, like the ocean. Constantly amassing a precious treasure of erudition, they will—by comprehending the meaning that is definitive with regard to phenomena—correctly penetrate the meaning of words. What are the four?

2.­2

“(1) Since bodhisattvas pursue the Dharma, they pursue the twelve branches of the scriptures. These are the discourses, hymns and praises, prophecies, verses, aphorisms, narratives, former events, former births, extensive teachings, marvels, biographies, and profound doctrines. Upon receiving these teachings, bodhisattvas read them, recite them, and properly recollect them. After that, they practice these teachings in accordance with the way they are taught. Pūrṇa, if bodhisattvas possess this first quality, they will amass great knowledge, such that it will not be exhausted, like the ocean. Constantly amassing a precious treasure of erudition, [F.172.b] they will—by comprehending the meaning that is definitive with regard to phenomena—correctly penetrate the meaning of words.


3.

Chapter Three

Irreversible Progress

3.­1

“Pūrṇa,” said the Blessed One, “if bodhisattvas possess four qualities, their progress toward unsurpassed and perfect awakening will be irreversible. What are the four?

3.­2

“(1) If bodhisattvas hear a Dharma teaching they have not heard before, rather than saying, ‘This is not the Dharma’ they should reflect on it in terms of its meaning. If bodhisattvas possess this first quality, their progress toward unsurpassed and perfect awakening will be irreversible.”


4.

Chapter Four

The Possession of Roots of Virtue

4.­1

“Pūrṇa,” continued the Blessed One, “if bodhisattva great beings who are genuinely following the Great Vehicle constantly rely on and familiarize themselves with four qualities, they will gather all virtues in the most perfect manner, and they will possess all the roots of virtue. What are the four?

4.­2

“Pūrṇa, (1) noble sons and daughters who have given rise to the mind set on awakening within the Great Vehicle should rely on and cultivate the practice of patience. As they cultivate patience, if their minds are in a state of equanimity, they will attain the perfections of that profound sameness, as well as the perfection of the sameness of all beings. When such bodhisattvas are endowed with the perfection of the sameness of the mind and the perfection of the sameness of wisdom—whether they are walking, standing, sitting, lying down, sleeping, or awake—if someone comes along carrying a vessel filled with urine, poison, hot liquid, garbage, fire, ashes, excrement, or embers and pours the content of the vessel on their heads, or strikes their limbs with full force, these bodhisattvas should avoid becoming angry or resentful, thus becoming distracted and aggressive. They should not even ask, ‘What did I do wrong?’ They should also not regard the other person with hostility. Instead, they should tame their minds by one-pointedly pursuing their Dharma practice, without losing a clear focus on the aim of their practice. Such bodhisattvas will think, ‘When that person comes to me carrying a vase filled with urine, poison, ashes, or embers and tries to harm my body, my body is not hurt or injured by those substances.’ [F.191.b] Thus analyzing things in terms of their multiple causes and conditions, bodhisattvas will then contemplate this matter in accordance with the way things really are, asking themselves, ‘Who is pouring these substances on me?’ ‘On whom are these substances poured?’ ‘What are the substances poured?’ At that time, they will not find anyone who is the pourer, anyone who is the recipient of this act, or anything that is poured. Contemplating and investigating in this way with proper mindfulness, they will not find any of these things, and they will therefore not apprehend or behold any phenomenon. Because they do not apprehend or behold any phenomenon, they will also not give rise to anger or resentment.


5.

Chapter Five

The Power of Miraculous Displays

5.­1

Then, through the power of the Blessed One’s miraculous abilities, many trillions of light rays radiated from the pores of his skin. Masses of blazing fire as huge as Mount Sumeru also emerged from each of his pores; and thus-gone ones teaching the Dharma, as numerous as all the grains of sand in the Ganges river, also emerged from each pore. The entire assembly present witnessed these miraculous displays. After the Blessed One had manifested them, he asked the venerable Pūrṇa, “Pūrṇa, did you see the power of the miraculous displays coming from the pore of each body hair of the Thus-Gone One?”


6.

Chapter Six

Great Compassion

6.­1

Then the venerable Mahāmaudgalyāyana thought, “The Blessed One has perfectly taught the conduct of bodhisattvas through his great compassion. The Blessed One is therefore quite astonishing! Why? Because bodhisattvas will practice the Dharma of the Buddha in the most excellent manner and will cause sentient beings to comprehend the meaning of the absence of arising and ceasing.”


7.

Chapter Seven

Responding to Controversies

7.­1

At that time, a monk called Elephant Trunk who was present in the assembly arose, draped his shawl over one shoulder, and knelt on his right knee. With his palms joined together, he said to the Blessed One, “Blessed One, to hear about those hardships undergone by the Thus-Gone One gave me goosebumps and made me shed tears. I would now like to ask a question. The Blessed One himself has said, ‘In the past, when I was a bodhisattva, my actions always accorded with my words, and my words always accorded with my actions.’ [F.220.a] When he first gave rise to the mind set on awakening, the Blessed One made the commitment to liberate all sentient beings. Given that he made such a commitment but may pass into nirvāṇa without having yet liberated all sentient beings, what should be answered, after the Blessed One has passed away, when some people argue with the monks saying, ‘In the past, your great teacher made the commitment to liberate all sentient beings, so why is it that sentient beings have not yet transcended suffering?’ ”


8.

Chapter Eight

Venerable Pūrṇa

8.­1

Then venerable Pūrṇa Maitrāyaṇīputra said to the Blessed One, “Blessed One, it is a great wonder that in the past, when the Blessed One was practicing bodhisattva conduct, he observed those various types of virtuous qualities so resolutely!”

“Thus it is, Pūrṇa, thus it is,” answered the Blessed One. “For a long time, while I practiced bodhisattva conduct, I observed those virtuous principles very resolutely.” At that point, the Blessed One uttered these verses to explain this clearly:


n.

Notes

n.­1
See for example Deshung Rinpoche 2003 and Kilty 2010. Four verses taken directly from Kumārajīva’s translation have also been incorporated into a Chan text dating from the fifth century (Greene 2012, 582).
n.­2
In his article on the Vyākhyāyukti, Peter Verhagen cites Vasubandhu to the effect that a “Pūrṇasūtra” was lost or at least incompletely transmitted by his time (Verhagen 2005, 590). Peter Skilling lists The Questions of Pūrṇa in a series of discourses mentioning tathāgata caityas (Skilling 2016, p.31). Ulrich Pagel mentions the sūtra in a few lists in two articles, once in a list of texts that include mention of dhāraṇī (Pagel 2007, 164, 167) and another time in a list of texts that give a sixfold typology of “skill” (Pagel 2012, 337).
n.­3
The few minor differences between them can be easily explained by the separate transmission histories of each text. Less likely, the similarity could theoretically also be due to both translations having relied on a nearly identical Sanskrit source text.
n.­4
For instance, lha ’dre (“gods and spirits”) and byams sdang (“love/attachment and aversion”).
n.­5
The Denkarma and Phangthangma catalogs both have separate sections for texts translated from Chinese, but that potential distinguishing feature seems to have been overridden as a classification for this text by its belonging to the section of works included in the The Heap of Jewels collection.
n.­6
Those mentioned in the Kangyur include: (1) Pūrṇa Maitrāyaṇīputra, the interlocutor in the present text; he is mentioned in many sūtras including The Teaching of Vimalakīrti (Toh 176); (2) the Pūrṇa who was one of the second group of five monks ordained by the Buddha, the “five friends” (nye lnga sde), all Vārāṇasī merchants’ sons, headed by Yaśas; (3) the Pūrṇa of The Deeds of Pūrṇa (Pūrṇāvadāna, found in Tibetan in The Chapter on Medicines, ch. 6 of the Vinayavastu, Toh 1), son of a wealthy Aparāntaka merchant and his slave girl, a successful maritime expedition leader before going forth as a monk, and almost certainly also the protagonist in The Precious Discourse on the Blessed One’s Extensive Wisdom That Leads to Infinite Certainty (Toh 99); (4) an older Pūrṇa, the “Elder Pūrṇa from Kuṇḍopadāna,” who is also mentioned in The Deeds of Pūrṇa as one of the monks in the Buddha’s airborne entourage; (5) a very rich and generous brahmin called Pūrṇa from the Mountains of the South who invites the Buddha and receives a prediction of enlightenment, but is not ordained; he is the subject of the first story in The Hundred Accounts of Noble Deeds, Beginning with That of Pūrṇa (Pūrṇapramukhāvadānaśataka, Toh 343); and (6) the sickly and short-lived Pūrṇa of Śrāvasti, attendant of Aniruddha, who became an arhat just before he died and is the subject of one of the stories in the first chapter of The Hundred Deeds (Karmaśataka, Toh 340).
n.­7
Here we have emended the Tibetan ’jigs pa (“fear”) to ’jig pa (“perish,” “decay”) to reflect the Chinese translation: 具足不壞信 (“Filled with incorruptible faith”).
n.­8
Stok Palace reads: ye shes dang mthong ba (“wisdom and vision”).
n.­9
Here, we have preferred the Narthang, Kangxi, Yongle, Lhasa, and Stok Palace editions: rtog. Degé reads: rtogs.
n.­10
A related metaphor appears in the Narthang edition: de phyir mang thos btsal bar bya/ btsal nas chu bzhin gnas bya ste/ chos dbyings sangs rgyas rjes dran na/ mang du thos pa de las skye. (“Therefore, one should pursue erudition and then remain like water. When one recollects the expanse of phenomena and the Buddha, erudition is born from that.”)
n.­11
Translated based on the Narthang, Kangxi, Yongle, and Lhasa editions (gzugs), and the Chinese translation (形色). Degé reads: gzungs.
n.­12
The Chinese translation reads: 菩薩不隨言 知皆是虚誑 知諸法空故 但求於善語 (“Bodhisattvas do not follow the words;/ They know they are all deceptive./ But to understand that all phenomena are empty,/ They still pursue virtuous statements”).
n.­13
Translated based on the Narthang, Kangxi, Yongle, Lithang, Choné, Lhasa, and Stok Palace editions (’jigs), and the Chinese translation (畏). Degé reads: ’jig.
n.­14
The Chinese translation reads: 眞妙法 (“authentic sublime Dharma”).
n.­15
Translated based on the Narthang, Kangxi, Lithang, Choné, and Stok Palace editions (’jigs), and the Chinese translation (畏). Degé reads: ’jig.
n.­16
The Lithang, Kangxi, and Choné editions read: dben (“void”).
n.­17
Translated based on the Narthang (nang zhes bya ba ni dngos po ’di gnyis ’du byed pa yang mi bden zhing slu bar byed pa yin) and Lhasa (nang zhes bya ba’i dngos po ’di gnyis ’du byed pa yang mi bden zhing slu bar byed pa yin) editions. Degé reads: nang zhes bya bas dngos po ’di gnyis ’du byed pa yang mi bden zhing slu bar byed pa yin (“since they are said to be inner, those two categories of phenomena are conditioned, untrue, and deceptive”). The Chinese translation reads: 内名爲二 。此事虚誑 (“Inner is said to be twofold. These things are false and deceptive”).
n.­18
The word dharma (Tib. chos) in this text denotes and shifts between multiple interconnected senses, such as “phenomena,” “teachings,” “qualities,” “reality,” and “trainings on the path.”
n.­19
Here we have emended mngon thob ’phags, as found in the different Tibetan editions, to mngon mtho ’phags, in accordance with the Chinese translation (轉高增).
n.­20
We have been unable to identify the types of cloth mentioned in this list, apart from kāśīkā cloth, which is the name of fabric produced in Kāśī (Vārāṇasī). Perhaps the others are also names of fabrics from cities known for their production of fine fabrics.
n.­21
Translated based on the Kangxi, Yongle, and Stok Palace editions: ’grul. Degé reads: ’drul.
n.­22
Translated based on the Stok Palace edition (smra dka’) and the Chinese translation: 難與語 (“difficulty with words”). Degé reads: smra dga’ (“fond of talking”).
n.­23
Here we have emended Degé’s lam log can (“following wrong paths”) to ma log can, in accordance with the Chinese translation: 無反復, (“not to return something”), since the general pattern throughout these verses is to have terms with similar meanings next to each other. Different variants for this line are found in the Tibetan editions: byas pa mi gzo lam log can (Degé, Choné), bya dka’ mi bzod le lo can (Stok Palace), byas pa mi gzo snyams log can (Lhasa), bya dga’ myi bzod leb log can (Yongle), byas pa mi bzod lam log can (Kangxi), and byas pa mi bzo lim log can (Narthang).
n.­24
Here, we have preferred the Narthang, Kangxi, Yongle, Lhasa, and Chinese versions, all of which, unlike the Degé version, negate the verb “to cultivate.”
n.­25
The Comparative Edition wrongly has smas pa here instead of smras pa, archaic for “wounded,” as it appears in the Degé edition.
n.­26
Translated based on the Kangxi and Yongle editions (sems), and the Chinese translation (思). Degé reads: bzod (“patience”).
n.­27
Translated based on the Kangxi (mi byed) and Yongle (myi byed) editions, and the Chinese translation (不作). Degé reads: bzod byed (“I will remain patient”).
n.­28
Translated based on the Stok Palace edition (gal te ngan pas lan byas na) and the Chinese translation (若還以惡報). Degé reads: gal te ngan pa’i las byas na (“If I commit negative actions”).
n.­29
Translated based on the Narthang, Kangxi, Yongle, and Lhasa editions: ’dod pa mang ba. Degé reads: ’dod pa med pa.
n.­30
Meaning “leader.”
n.­31
Here we have emended dga’ zhing (“joyfully”), as found in the different Tibetan editions, to ’ga’ zhig, in accordance with the Chinese translation (若有人: “if there were someone . . .”). The Tibetan could be the result of a two-stage scribal error: first, an accidental error transforming ’ga’ to dga’, based on the appearance of dga’ in the previous verse; then, a deliberate “correction” of zhig to zhing, to “make sense” of dga’.
n.­32
Translated based on the Narthang and Lhasa editions (lha ’dre) and the Chinese translation (天神). Degé reads: lha klu (“gods and nāgas”). Most instances of lha ’dre in Tibetan Kangyur discourses appear in texts translated from Chinese.
n.­33
Translated based on the Narthang, Kangxi, Yongle, Lithang, Choné, and Lhasa editions: yon tan ldan. Degé reads: yon tan bden.
n.­34
Tibetan: g.yo dang mi g.yo sems can; Chinese: 動不動衆生. This most likely refers to beings in the desire realm (Skt. kāmadhātu) constantly “moving/shifting” throughout saṃsāra, and beings in the two higher realms of form (Skt. rūpadhātu) and formlessness (Skt. arūpadhātu) “unmoving/unshifting” throughout saṃsāra in the same manner, respectively. Cf. Soothill’s entry for the similar 動不動法: “The mutable and the immutable, the changing and the unchanging, the kāmadhātu or realms of metempsychosis and the two higher realms, rūpadhātu and arūpadhātu.”
n.­35
The Chinese translation, as it appears in the Taishō, has this as a rhetorical question: (世尊以何思 何行擧下足: “With what intent or behavior/ Does the Blessed One lift and place down his feet?”).
n.­36
These refer to the three divisions of time pertaining to the longevity of the Dharma on earth after the passing of the Buddha. During the first period, the Dharma is upheld properly; during the intermediate period, only a semblance of the Dharma remains; and during the final period, the Dharma declines until it vanishes.
n.­37
This follows the Chinese 轉法輪經. The Tibetan Stok Palace version has chos kyi ’khor lo’i mdo sde, whereas the Degé version has the rather redundant chos kyi ’khor lo yongs su bskor ba’i ’khor lo. This title is probably a reference to the Dharmacakrapravartanasūtra (Toh 31) and/or the Dharmacakrasūtra (Toh 337), each of which contains what is considered the first teaching delivered by the Buddha.
n.­38
The Tibetan only very partially reflects the Chinese here: 梨師山鹿園; literally: ṛṣi (梨師) mountain (山) deer (鹿) park (園).
n.­39
The term nam mkha’i sa mtshams, the “edge of space” or “boundary of space,” is only found elsewhere in the Kangyur as an impossibility describing the tenth kind of acceptance (in chapter 35 of the Buddhavataṃsaka, Toh 44, Degé Kangyur vol. 36, F.383.b), and could conceivably be a reference to the ineffability of the Bodhisattva Collection, although that does not fit the syntax. It is also possible that “the edge of space” here is a reference to the sacred geography of Vārāṇasī, which is said to consist of an environment of five concentric rings associated with the elements (fire, water, wind, earth, and space). Since the Deer Park in Sarnath would be at the outer edge of that geographic map, it would hence be “at the edge of space.” The subsequent reference to Veṇuvana (near Rājagṛha) would then seem to imply that the term applies to everything outside of Vārāṇasī. Thanks to Paul Hackett for making this suggestion to us.
n.­40
The four attitudes are not clearly listed in the text. However, based on the following accounts of the Buddha’s past lives as a bodhisattva, the four seem to be love, compassion, generosity, and patience.
n.­41
As this passage seems corrupt in Tibetan (Degé reads: mod gal ngas ni ’di lta bu’i smon lam dang brtson ’grus chen po bskyed nas blo dang ldan pa ’di lta ste/ sangs rgyas dang/ de’i nyan thos dag la ’di ltar rigs pa’i tshul dri ba’i rgyu dang rkyen yod par gyur na sdug bsngal dang du blangs nas sems can rnams sems can dmyal ba las thar bar byed pas mod gal mkhas pa dag gis thos par gyur na nga’i mang du thos pa’i bsngags pa brjod), we have translated it based on the Chinese: 目連。 我發如是大願。精進諮問有智。所謂佛及弟子。可有如是道理因縁代受苦惱。令諸衆生出地獄不。目連。智者聞已。但爲我讃説多聞。.
n.­42
Translated based on the Narthang, Kangxi, Yongle, and Stok Palace editions (lha ’dre) and the Chinese translation (天鬼神). Degé reads: lha klu (“gods and nāgas”).
n.­43
Translated based on Stok Palace edition: nyes pa’i ’du shes skyed pa byed. Degé reads: nyes pa’i ’du shes skyed pa med (“He has not perceived me as an evil person”). The Chinese translation reads: 而不能使以我為親 (“However, I could not make him consider me a friend”).
n.­44
The Chinese translation reads: 骨髓 (“marrow”). This might be related to what Devadatta cries as he is about to enter the Hell of Ceaseless Torment.
n.­45
Stok Palace alternatively reads: sems can rnams kyi sems (“the minds of sentient beings”).
n.­46
The Chinese translation reads: 倍 (“twice as much as”).
n.­47
Translated based on the Stok Palace edition: ngas chos de thos nas/ sems rtse gcig tu ’khor rnams nyan thos dang rang sangs rgyas kyi ’bras bu yongs su gnyer ba la gzud pa’i phyir ’dun par gyur pa kho nar zad do. Degé reads: ngas chos de bstan pas nga’i ’khor rnams las sems rtse gcig tu nyan thos dang rang sangs rgyas kyi ’bras bu yongs su gnyer ba dag gzud pa’i phyir ’dun par gyur pa kho nar zad do (“By delivering this teaching, my only motivation has been to look after those among my retinue who one-pointedly pursue the fruition of the hearers and solitary buddhas”).
n.­48
We are unsure what the twofold abode (Tibetan: gnas gnyis) refers to. It might perhaps refer to the form realm (Tibetan: gzugs kyi khams, Sanskrit: rūpadhātu) and the formless realm (Tibetan: gzugs med pa’i khams, Sanskrit: arūpadhātu).

b.

Bibliography

Source Texts

’phags pa gang pos zhus pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Pūrṇaparipṛcchāsūtra). Toh 61, Degé Kangyur vol. 42 (dkon brtsegs, nga), folios 168b.1–227a.6.

———. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–2009, vol. 42, pp. 168b.1–227a.6.

———. Stok Palace Kangyur (stog pho brang bris ma bka’ ’gyur). Vol. 38 (dkon brtsegs, nga), folios 319v–411v.

富樓那會 (Fu lou na hui). Taishō shinshū daizōkyō (大正新脩大藏經). Vol. 11, 310 (大寶積經), scrolls 77–79.

Secondary References

Conze, Edward. The Large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.

Greene, Eric Matthew. “Meditation, Repentance, and Visionary Experience in Early Medieval Chinese Buddhism.” Unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkley, 2012.

Kilty, Gavin. The Mirror of Beryl: A Historical Introduction to Tibetan Medicine. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2010.

Muller, A. Charles, ed. Digital Dictionary of Buddhism. buddhism-dict.net. Edition of 12/26/2007.

Pagel, Ulrich. “The Dhāraṇī of Mahāvyutpatti #748: Origin and Formation.” Buddhist Studies Review, vol. 24, no. 2 (2007): 151–91.

Pagel, Ulrich. “The Bodhisattvapiṭaka and Akṣayamatinirdeśa: Continuity and Change in Buddhist Discourses.” The Buddhist Forum, vol. 3 (2012): 333–73.

Deshung Rinpoche. The Three Levels of Spiritual Perception: A Commentary on the Three Visions. Translated by Jared Rhoton. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2003.

Skilling, Peter. “Caitya, Mahācaitya, Tathāgatacaitya: Questions of Terminology in the Age of Amaravati.” In Amaravati: The Art of an Early Buddhist Monument in Context, edited by Akira Shimada and Michael Willis, 23–26. London: British Museum, 2016.

Soothill, William Edward and Lewis Hodous. A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms. Digital version: buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu. Taipei: Dharma Drum Buddhist College, 2010.

Verhagen Peter C. “Studies in Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Hermeneutics (4): The Vyākhyāyukti by Vasubandhu.” Journal Asiatique 293.2 (2005): 559–602.


g.

Glossary

g.­1

Affliction

  • kun nas nyon mongs pa
  • ཀུན་ནས་ཉོན་མོངས་པ།
  • saṃkleśa

Saṃsāra, in being nothing but afflicted; its opposite is “purification” (vyavadāna).


4 passages contain this term
  • 4.­33
  • 4.­87
  • g.­77
  • g.­100
g.­2

Aggregates

  • phung po
  • ཕུང་པོ།
  • skandha

The fivefold basic grouping of the components out of which the world and the personal self are formed.


12 passages contain this term
  • 2.­5
  • 3.­64
  • 3.­65
  • 3.­66
  • 3.­111
  • 3.­112
  • 3.­113
  • 3.­116
  • 4.­63
  • 7.­3
  • 7.­4
  • 7.­5
g.­3

Ānanda

  • kun dga’ bo
  • ཀུན་དགའ་བོ།
  • Ānanda

The Buddha’s cousin and principal attendant.


11 passages contain this term
  • i.­3
  • i.­5
  • 2.­25
  • 5.­16
  • 5.­22
  • 5.­23
  • 5.­24
  • 5.­25
  • 5.­26
  • 5.­27
  • 5.­28
g.­4

Aphorisms

  • ched du brjod pa’i sde
  • ཆེད་དུ་བརྗོད་པའི་སྡེ།
  • udāna

One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures.


4 passages contain this term
  • 2.­2
  • 3.­16
  • 3.­17
  • 3.­36
g.­5

Ascetic practices

  • sbyangs pa’i yon tan
  • སྦྱངས་པའི་ཡོན་ཏན།
  • dhūtaguṇa

An optional set of thirteen practices that monastics can adopt in order to cultivate greater detachment. They consist of 1) wearing patched robes made from discarded cloth rather than from cloth donated by laypeople; 2) wearing only three robes; 3) going for alms; 4) not omitting any house while on the alms round, rather than begging only at those houses known to provide good food; 5) eating only what can be eaten in one sitting; 6) eating only food received in the alms bowl, rather than more elaborate meals presented to the Saṅgha; 7) refusing more food after indicating one has eaten enough; 8) dwelling in the forest; 9) dwelling at the root of a tree; 10) dwelling in the open air, using only a tent made from one’s robes as shelter; 11) dwelling in a charnel ground; 12) satisfaction with whatever dwelling one has; and 13) sleeping in a sitting position without ever lying down.


9 passages contain this term
  • i.­3
  • 3.­16
  • 3.­53
  • 4.­52
  • 4.­53
  • 4.­59
  • 4.­61
  • 4.­75
  • g.­109
g.­6

Bimbisāra

  • gzugs can snying po
  • གཟུགས་ཅན་སྙིང་པོ།
  • Bimbisāra

King of Magadha who lived at the time of Buddha Śākyamuni.


2 passages contain this term
  • 5.­25
  • 5.­26
g.­7

Biographies

  • rtogs pa brjod pa’i sde
  • རྟོགས་པ་བརྗོད་པའི་སྡེ།
  • avadāna

One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures.


2 passages contain this term
  • 2.­2
  • 4.­105
g.­8

Black Line Hell

  • thig nag
  • ཐིག་ནག
  • Kālasūtra

One of the eight hot hells.


1 passage contains this term
  • 6.­4
g.­9

Brahmaghoṣa

  • tshangs pa’i dbyangs
  • ཚངས་པའི་དབྱངས།
  • Brahmaghoṣa

A thus-gone one of the past.


1 passage contains this term
  • 3.­44
g.­10

Brahmin

  • bram ze
  • བྲམ་ཟེ།
  • brāhmaṇa

A member of the Indian priestly caste.


9 passages contain this term
  • i.­3
  • 6.­27
  • 6.­28
  • 6.­29
  • 6.­30
  • 6.­44
  • 7.­15
  • 7.­28
  • n.­6
g.­11

Crushing Hell

  • bsdus ’joms
  • བསྡུས་འཇོམས།
  • Saṃghāta

One of the eight hot hells.


1 passage contains this term
  • 6.­4
g.­12

Damaśrī

  • da ma shi ri
  • ད་མ་ཤི་རི།
  • Damaśrī

A prince living in the past at the time of the buddha Merugandha.


20 passages contain this term
  • 4.­61
  • 4.­70
  • 4.­73
  • 4.­75
  • 4.­76
  • 4.­77
  • 4.­82
  • 4.­88
  • 4.­89
  • 4.­90
  • 4.­91
  • 4.­92
  • 4.­94
  • 4.­96
  • 4.­97
  • 4.­99
  • g.­72
  • g.­90
  • g.­91
  • g.­116
g.­13

Deer Park

  • ri dwags rgyu ba’i tshal
  • རི་དྭགས་རྒྱུ་བའི་ཚལ།
  • Mṛgadāva

The forest, located outside of Vārāṇasī where the Buddha first taught the Dharma.


2 passages contain this term
  • 5.­24
  • n.­39
g.­14

Devadatta

  • lhas byin
  • ལྷས་བྱིན།
  • Devadatta

A cousin of Buddha Śākyamuni who broke with him and established his own community. His tradition was still continuing during the first millennium ᴄᴇ. He is portrayed as engendering evil schemes against the Buddha and even succeeding in wounding him. He is usually identified with wicked beings in accounts of previous lifetimes.


14 passages contain this term
  • 6.­31
  • 6.­32
  • 6.­33
  • 6.­34
  • 6.­35
  • 6.­43
  • 6.­57
  • 6.­61
  • n.­44
  • g.­50
  • g.­52
  • g.­55
  • g.­83
  • g.­98
g.­15

Dhāraṇī

  • gzungs
  • གཟུངས།
  • dhāraṇī

A formula invoking a particular deity for a particular purpose; dhāraṇīs are longer than most mantras, and their applications are more specialized.


5 passages contain this term
  • 3.­36
  • 4.­89
  • 4.­91
  • 4.­95
  • n.­2
g.­16

Discourses

  • mdo’i sde
  • མདོའི་སྡེ།
  • sūtravarga

One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures.


34 passages contain this term
  • i.­2
  • i.­3
  • 2.­2
  • 3.­16
  • 3.­17
  • 3.­29
  • 3.­30
  • 3.­36
  • 3.­45
  • 3.­46
  • 3.­55
  • 3.­59
  • 3.­76
  • 3.­85
  • 3.­86
  • 3.­87
  • 3.­95
  • 3.­128
  • 4.­61
  • 4.­73
  • 4.­89
  • 4.­90
  • 4.­91
  • 4.­92
  • 4.­93
  • 4.­95
  • 4.­96
  • 4.­98
  • 4.­100
  • 4.­110
  • 7.­6
  • 7.­13
  • n.­2
  • n.­32
g.­17

Eight limbs of the noble path

  • ’phags pa’i lam yan lag brgyad pa
  • འཕགས་པའི་ལམ་ཡན་ལག་བརྒྱད་པ།
  • āryāṣṭāṅgamārga

Right view, intention, speech, actions, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.


1 passage contains this term
  • 3.­128
g.­18

Eighteen unique qualities

  • ma ’dres pa bco brgyad
  • མ་འདྲེས་པ་བཅོ་བརྒྱད།
  • aṣṭādaśāveṇikā

Eighteen special features of a buddha’s behavior, realization, activity, and wisdom that are not shared by other beings.


2 passages contain this term
  • 7.­16
  • 7.­17
g.­19

Elements

  • khams
  • ཁམས།
  • dhātu

One way of describing experience and the world in terms of eighteen elements (eye and form, ear and sound, nose and odor, tongue and taste, body and touch, mind and mental objects, to which the six consciousnesses are added).


10 passages contain this term
  • 2.­5
  • 3.­64
  • 3.­65
  • 3.­112
  • 3.­113
  • 3.­116
  • 4.­63
  • 7.­3
  • 7.­4
  • 7.­5
g.­20

Elephant Trunk

  • glang po che’i lag
  • གླང་པོ་ཆེའི་ལག
  • —

A monk. Interlocutor of the Buddha in the Questions of Pūrṇa sūtra.


19 passages contain this term
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­2
  • 7.­8
  • 7.­9
  • 7.­10
  • 7.­11
  • 7.­12
  • 7.­17
  • 7.­18
  • 7.­21
  • 7.­22
  • 7.­23
  • 7.­24
  • 7.­25
  • 7.­26
  • 7.­27
  • 7.­28
  • 7.­30
  • 7.­31
g.­21

Emptiness

  • stong pa nyid
  • སྟོང་པ་ཉིད།
  • śūnyatā

One of the three doors of liberation.


25 passages contain this term
  • i.­3
  • 1.­14
  • 2.­15
  • 3.­16
  • 3.­54
  • 3.­74
  • 3.­94
  • 3.­112
  • 3.­113
  • 3.­115
  • 3.­116
  • 3.­129
  • 4.­3
  • 4.­4
  • 4.­32
  • 4.­33
  • 4.­34
  • 4.­40
  • 4.­44
  • 4.­89
  • 4.­90
  • 4.­96
  • 4.­100
  • 4.­109
  • g.­99
g.­22

Erudition

  • mang du thos pa
  • མང་དུ་ཐོས་པ།
  • bahuśrutya, bāhuśrutya

33 passages contain this term
  • i.­4
  • 1.­7
  • 1.­8
  • 1.­10
  • 1.­27
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­2
  • 2.­3
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­16
  • 2.­17
  • 2.­22
  • 2.­30
  • 2.­31
  • 2.­32
  • 3.­11
  • 3.­16
  • 3.­39
  • 3.­49
  • 3.­50
  • 3.­52
  • 3.­63
  • 3.­96
  • 3.­97
  • 3.­99
  • 3.­100
  • 3.­102
  • 3.­103
  • 3.­107
  • 4.­7
  • 4.­140
  • 6.­5
  • n.­10
g.­23

Evil Mind

  • sdig pa’i yid
  • སྡིག་པའི་ཡིད།
  • —

Name of a demon who lived in the past.


3 passages contain this term
  • 6.­40
  • 6.­41
  • 6.­43
g.­24

Expanding Arm

  • rab tu ’phel ba’i dpung
  • རབ་ཏུ་འཕེལ་བའི་དཔུང་།
  • —

A thus-gone one of the past.


1 passage contains this term
  • 4.­101
g.­25

Extensive teachings

  • shin tu rgyas pa’i sde
  • ཤིན་ཏུ་རྒྱས་པའི་སྡེ།
  • vaipulya

One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures.


1 passage contains this term
  • 2.­2
g.­26

Extremely Hot Hell

  • rab tu tsha ba
  • རབ་ཏུ་ཚ་བ།
  • Pratāpana

One of the eight hot hells.


1 passage contains this term
  • 6.­4
g.­27

Five faculties

  • dbang po lnga
  • དབང་པོ་ལྔ།
  • pañcendriya

Faith, mindfulness, diligence, concentration, and insight.


2 passages contain this term
  • 3.­128
  • g.­29
g.­28

Five higher perceptions

  • mngon par shes pa lnga
  • མངོན་པར་ཤེས་པ་ལྔ།
  • pañcābhijña

Divine sight, divine hearing, knowledge of the minds of others, remembrance of past lives, and ability to perform miracles. See “six higher perceptions,” the same list with the addition of “ability to destroy mental defilements,” which can only be attained by Buddhist practitioners.


1 passage contains this term
  • 4.­88
g.­29

Five powers

  • stobs lnga
  • སྟོབས་ལྔ།
  • pañcabala

Faith, mindfulness, diligence, concentration, and insight. Similar to the five faculties but differing in that they cannot be shaken by adverse conditions.


1 passage contains this term
  • 3.­128
g.­30

Former births

  • skyes pa’i rabs kyi sde
  • སྐྱེས་པའི་རབས་ཀྱི་སྡེ།
  • jātaka

One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures.


1 passage contains this term
  • 2.­2
g.­31

Former events

  • de lta bu byung ba’i sde
  • དེ་ལྟ་བུ་བྱུང་བའི་སྡེ།
  • itivṛttaka

One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures.


1 passage contains this term
  • 2.­2
g.­32

Four applications of mindfulness

  • dran pa nye bar gzhag pa bzhi
  • དྲན་པ་ཉེ་བར་གཞག་པ་བཞི།
  • catuḥsmṛtyupasthāna

A fundamental practice of Buddhist meditation: the close application of mindfulness to the body, feelings, mind, and phenomena.


1 passage contains this term
  • 3.­128
g.­33

Four bases of miraculous displays

  • rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi
  • རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་གྱི་རྐང་པ་བཞི།
  • catvāraṛddhipādā

Determination, discernment, diligence, and concentration.


1 passage contains this term
  • 3.­128
g.­34

Four concentrations

  • bsam gtan bzhi
  • བསམ་གཏན་བཞི།
  • caturdhyāna

The four levels of concentration of beings residing in the form realm.


1 passage contains this term
  • 3.­128
g.­35

Four fearlessnesses

  • mi ’jigs pa bzhi
  • མི་འཇིགས་པ་བཞི།
  • caturvaiśāradya

Fearlessness in declaring that one has (1) awakened, (2) ceased all illusions, (3) taught the obstacles to awakening, and (4) shown the way to liberation.


2 passages contain this term
  • 7.­16
  • 7.­17
g.­36

Four relinquishments

  • yang dag par spong ba bzhi
  • ཡང་དག་པར་སྤོང་བ་བཞི།
  • catuḥsamyakprahāṇa

Four types of relinquishment consisting in abandoning existing negative mind states, abandoning the production of such states, giving rise to virtuous mind states that are not yet produced, and letting those states continue.


1 passage contains this term
  • 3.­128
g.­37

Fruitful Conduct

  • gdon mi za ba’i spyod pa
  • གདོན་མི་ཟ་བའི་སྤྱོད་པ།
  • —

A thus-gone one of the past.


1 passage contains this term
  • 4.­101
g.­38

Gandharvas

  • dri za
  • དྲི་ཟ།
  • gandharva

A class of semi-divine beings sometimes referred to as “heavenly musicians.”


2 passages contain this term
  • 4.­89
  • 8.­12
g.­39

Garuḍas

  • nam mkha’ lding
  • ནམ་མཁའ་ལྡིང་།
  • garuḍa

A class of semi-divine bird-like beings.


1 passage contains this term
  • 4.­89
g.­40

Good Profit

  • legs par rnyed pa
  • ལེགས་པར་རྙེད་པ།
  • —

Name of Buddha Śākyamuni in a past life, when he was a merchant practicing bodhisattva conduct.


9 passages contain this term
  • 6.­49
  • 6.­50
  • 6.­51
  • 6.­52
  • 6.­53
  • 6.­54
  • 6.­55
  • 6.­56
  • 6.­57
g.­41

Great Wailing Hell

  • ngu ’bod chen po
  • ངུ་འབོད་ཆེན་པོ།
  • Mahāraurava

One of the eight hot hells.


1 passage contains this term
  • 6.­4
g.­42

Healer of Men

  • mi’i sman
  • མིའི་སྨན།
  • —

Name of Buddha Śākyamuni in a past life, when he was a prince practicing bodhisattva conduct.


4 passages contain this term
  • 6.­18
  • 6.­19
  • 6.­20
  • 6.­21
g.­43

Heaven of the Thirty-Three

  • sum cu rtsa gsum lha’i gnas
  • སུམ་ཅུ་རྩ་གསུམ་ལྷའི་གནས།
  • Trāyastriṃśa

The second lowest of the six heavens of the desire realm, located on top of Mount Sumeru in the Buddhist cosmology.


2 passages contain this term
  • 4.­89
  • g.­82
g.­44

Hell of Ceaseless Torment

  • mnar med pa
  • མནར་མེད་པ།
  • Avīci

One of the eight hot hells.


7 passages contain this term
  • 6.­4
  • 6.­30
  • 6.­32
  • 6.­33
  • 6.­34
  • 6.­57
  • n.­44
g.­45

Hot Hell

  • tsha ba
  • ཚ་བ།
  • Tāpana

One of the eight hot hells.


1 passage contains this term
  • 6.­4
g.­46

Hymns and praises

  • dbyangs kyis bsnyad pa’i sde
  • དབྱངས་ཀྱིས་བསྙད་པའི་སྡེ།
  • geya

One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures.


1 passage contains this term
  • 2.­2
g.­47

Irreversible

  • phyir mi ldog pa
  • ཕྱིར་མི་ལྡོག་པ།
  • avaivartika

9 passages contain this term
  • i.­4
  • 1.­11
  • 3.­1
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­54
  • 3.­55
  • 3.­64
  • 5.­24
  • 7.­12
g.­48

Īśvarasena

  • dbang phyug gi sde
  • དབང་ཕྱུག་གི་སྡེ།
  • Īśvarasena

A king who lived in the past.


1 passage contains this term
  • 6.­17
g.­49

Kalandaka Forest

  • ka lan da ka
  • ཀ་ལན་ད་ཀ
  • Kalandaka

A grove or forest within the Veṇuvana near Rājagṛha, where Buddha Śākyamuni spent several monsoon retreats and delivered many Great Vehicle teachings. In other texts it is known as the Kalandakanivāsa or °nivāpa, the dwelling place or feeding ground of kalandaka—crows or other birds according to Tibetan renderings, but some Sanskrit and Pali sources suggest flying squirrels.


1 passage contains this term
  • 5.­25
g.­50

Kaṭamorakatiṣya

  • ka ta mo ra ka ti sha
  • ཀ་ཏ་མོ་ར་ཀ་ཏི་ཤ།
  • Kaṭamorakatiṣya

One of the members of a group of four monks described in the Vinaya as followers of Devadatta that attempted to create a schism in the Buddhist saṅgha.


1 passage contains this term
  • 6.­61
g.­51

Kauverdu

  • ke’u wer du
  • ཀེའུ་ཝེར་དུ།
  • Kauverdu

A bodhisattva of the past.


1 passage contains this term
  • 3.­46
g.­52

Khaṇḍadravja

  • khaN Da dra ba bya
  • ཁཎ་ཌ་དྲ་བ་བྱ།
  • Khaṇḍadravja

One of the members of a group of four monks described in the Vinaya as followers of Devadatta that attempted to create a schism in the Buddhist saṅgha.


1 passage contains this term
  • 6.­61
g.­53

Kiṃnaras

  • mi’am ci
  • མིའམ་ཅི།
  • kiṃnara, kinnara

A class of semidivine beings that resemble humans to the degree that their very name—which means “Is that a man?”—suggests some confusion as to their divine status.


1 passage contains this term
  • 4.­89
g.­54

King of All Qualities’ Light Rays

  • yon tan thams cad kyi ’od zer gyi rgyal po
  • ཡོན་ཏན་ཐམས་ཅད་ཀྱི་འོད་ཟེར་གྱི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
  • Sarvaguṇa

Past buddha who lived countless eons ago.


14 passages contain this term
  • 3.­15
  • 3.­16
  • 3.­20
  • 3.­21
  • 3.­30
  • 3.­31
  • 3.­32
  • 3.­35
  • 3.­36
  • 3.­37
  • 3.­40
  • g.­61
  • g.­62
  • g.­84
g.­55

Kokālika

  • ko ka li ka
  • ཀོ་ཀ་ལི་ཀ
  • Kokālika

One of the members of a group of four monks described in the Vinaya as followers of Devadatta that attempted to create a schism in the Buddhist saṅgha.


1 passage contains this term
  • 6.­61
g.­56

Kṣāntibala

  • bzod pa’i stobs
  • བཟོད་པའི་སྟོབས།
  • Kṣāntibala

Name of the Buddha Śākyamuni in a past life, when he was a sage practicing bodhisattva conduct.


4 passages contain this term
  • 6.­40
  • 6.­41
  • 6.­42
  • 6.­43
g.­57

Magadha

  • ma ga dha
  • མ་ག་དྷ།
  • Magadha

The largest kingdom of northern India during the time of the Buddha.


3 passages contain this term
  • 5.­25
  • g.­6
  • g.­79
g.­58

Mahābala

  • stobs pa che
  • སྟོབས་པ་ཆེ།
  • Mahābala

Name of the Buddha Śākyamuni in a past life, when he was a king practicing bodhisattva conduct.


6 passages contain this term
  • 6.­26
  • 6.­27
  • 6.­28
  • 6.­29
  • 6.­30
  • 6.­31
g.­59

Mahākāśyapa

  • ’od srung chen po
  • འོད་སྲུང་ཆེན་པོ།
  • Mahākāśyapa

A senior student of Buddha Śākyamuni, famous for his austere lifestyle.


1 passage contains this term
  • 4.­83
g.­60

Mahāmaudgalyāyana

  • mod gal gyi bu chen po
  • མོད་གལ་གྱི་བུ་ཆེན་པོ།
  • Mahāmaudgalyāyana

Alternate name for Maudgalyāyana, one of the closest disciples of the Buddha Śākyamuni, known for his miraculous abilities.


4 passages contain this term
  • i.­3
  • i.­5
  • 6.­1
  • 6.­2
g.­61

Mahāsthāmaprāpta

  • mthu chen thob pa
  • མཐུ་ཆེན་ཐོབ་པ།
  • Mahāsthāmaprāpta

Dharma-preaching monk living at the time of the buddha King of All Qualities’ Light Rays.


16 passages contain this term
  • 3.­16
  • 3.­17
  • 3.­18
  • 3.­29
  • 3.­30
  • 3.­31
  • 3.­32
  • 3.­33
  • 3.­34
  • 3.­36
  • 3.­37
  • 3.­38
  • 3.­39
  • 3.­40
  • 3.­41
  • 3.­46
g.­62

Mahāśumata

  • ma hA shu ma ta
  • མ་ཧཱ་ཤུ་མ་ཏ།
  • Mahāśumata

Son of Śani, householder who lived in the past at the time of the buddha King of All Qualities’ Light Rays.


15 passages contain this term
  • 3.­19
  • 3.­29
  • 3.­31
  • 3.­32
  • 3.­33
  • 3.­34
  • 3.­36
  • 3.­37
  • 3.­38
  • 3.­39
  • 3.­40
  • 3.­41
  • 3.­42
  • 3.­45
  • 3.­46
g.­63

Mahoragas

  • lto ’phye chen po
  • ལྟོ་འཕྱེ་ཆེན་པོ།
  • mahoraga

A class of non-human beings shaped like enormous serpents.


1 passage contains this term
  • 4.­89
g.­64

Maitreya

  • byams pa
  • བྱམས་པ།
  • Maitreya

Bodhisattva of loving kindness; the next buddha to follow Śākyamuni.


1 passage contains this term
  • 3.­41
g.­65

Marvels

  • rmad du byung ba’i chos kyi sde
  • རྨད་དུ་བྱུང་བའི་ཆོས་ཀྱི་སྡེ།
  • adbhutadharma

One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures.


1 passage contains this term
  • 2.­2
g.­66

Maudgalyāyana

  • maud gal
  • མཽད་གལ།
  • Maudgalyāyana

One of the closest disciples of the Buddha Śākyamuni, known for his miraculous abilities.


53 passages contain this term
  • s.­1
  • 5.­6
  • 6.­2
  • 6.­3
  • 6.­4
  • 6.­5
  • 6.­6
  • 6.­7
  • 6.­8
  • 6.­9
  • 6.­10
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­12
  • 6.­13
  • 6.­14
  • 6.­16
  • 6.­17
  • 6.­19
  • 6.­20
  • 6.­21
  • 6.­22
  • 6.­23
  • 6.­24
  • 6.­25
  • 6.­26
  • 6.­27
  • 6.­30
  • 6.­31
  • 6.­32
  • 6.­33
  • 6.­35
  • 6.­36
  • 6.­38
  • 6.­39
  • 6.­40
  • 6.­42
  • 6.­43
  • 6.­44
  • 6.­45
  • 6.­46
  • 6.­47
  • 6.­48
  • 6.­49
  • 6.­50
  • 6.­51
  • 6.­55
  • 6.­56
  • 6.­57
  • 6.­58
  • 6.­59
  • 6.­61
  • 6.­62
  • g.­60
g.­67

Merugandha

  • me ro gan dha
  • མེ་རོ་གན་དྷ།
  • Merugandha

A past buddha who lived countless eons ago.


25 passages contain this term
  • 4.­59
  • 4.­60
  • 4.­61
  • 4.­62
  • 4.­63
  • 4.­65
  • 4.­76
  • 4.­82
  • 4.­83
  • 4.­88
  • 4.­89
  • 4.­90
  • 4.­91
  • 4.­93
  • 4.­95
  • 4.­97
  • 4.­98
  • 4.­99
  • 4.­100
  • g.­12
  • g.­72
  • g.­90
  • g.­91
  • g.­94
  • g.­116
g.­68

Merurāja

  • ri’i rgyal po
  • རིའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
  • Merurāja

A thus-gone one of the past.


1 passage contains this term
  • 3.­43
g.­69

Mount Sumeru

  • ri rab
  • རི་རབ།
  • Sumeru

In Buddhist cosmology, the sacred mountain at the center of the world.


4 passages contain this term
  • 5.­1
  • 5.­10
  • 5.­13
  • g.­43
g.­70

Nāga

  • klu
  • ཀླུ།
  • nāga

A semidivine class of beings who live in subterranean aquatic environments and who are known to hoard wealth and esoteric teachings. They are associated with snakes and serpents.


9 passages contain this term
  • 2.­28
  • 3.­11
  • 3.­126
  • 4.­89
  • 4.­108
  • 6.­9
  • 8.­12
  • n.­32
  • n.­42
g.­71

Narratives

  • gleng gzhi’i sde
  • གླེང་གཞིའི་སྡེ།
  • nidāna

One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures.


2 passages contain this term
  • 2.­2
  • 4.­105
g.­72

Pariṇāyaka

  • rab tu ’dren pa
  • རབ་ཏུ་འདྲེན་པ།
  • Pariṇāyaka

Reincarnation of Damaśrī, prince living in the past at the time of the buddha Merugandha.


4 passages contain this term
  • 4.­98
  • 4.­99
  • 4.­100
  • 4.­101
g.­73

Perfumed chamber

  • dri gtsang khang
  • དྲི་གཙང་ཁང་།
  • gandhakuṭī

Term that was first used in reference to the Buddha’s personal residence. Later, after the Buddha’s passing, the term came to denote the inner chamber of Buddhist monasteries in India, where a Buddha statue was housed to represent the Buddha’s residence at the monastery.


2 passages contain this term
  • 4.­89
  • 5.­26
g.­74

Preceptor

  • mkhan po
  • མཁན་པོ།
  • upādhyāya

A personal preceptor and teacher.


5 passages contain this term
  • 3.­17
  • 4.­76
  • 4.­92
  • 4.­96
  • g.­96
g.­75

Profound doctrines

  • gtan la phab par bstan pa’i sde
  • གཏན་ལ་ཕབ་པར་བསྟན་པའི་སྡེ།
  • upadeśa

One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures.


1 passage contains this term
  • 2.­2
g.­76

Prophecies

  • lung du bstan pa’i sde
  • ལུང་དུ་བསྟན་པའི་སྡེ།
  • vyākaraṇa

One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures.


1 passage contains this term
  • 2.­2
g.­77

Purification

  • rnam par byang ba
  • རྣམ་པར་བྱང་བ།
  • vyavadāna

The purification of affliction (saṃkleśa).


2 passages contain this term
  • 4.­33
  • g.­1
g.­78

Pūrṇa Maitrāyaṇīputra

  • byams ma’i bu gang po
  • བྱམས་མའི་བུ་གང་པོ།
  • Pūrṇa Maitrāyaṇīputra

Main interlocutor of the buddha in the Questions of Pūrṇa sūtra.


114 passages contain this term
  • s.­1
  • i.­3
  • i.­5
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­3
  • 1.­4
  • 1.­7
  • 1.­11
  • 1.­15
  • 1.­22
  • 1.­36
  • 1.­37
  • 1.­44
  • 1.­51
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­2
  • 2.­3
  • 2.­4
  • 2.­5
  • 2.­6
  • 2.­7
  • 2.­8
  • 2.­9
  • 2.­16
  • 3.­1
  • 3.­14
  • 3.­15
  • 3.­16
  • 3.­18
  • 3.­19
  • 3.­21
  • 3.­26
  • 3.­29
  • 3.­31
  • 3.­32
  • 3.­33
  • 3.­37
  • 3.­39
  • 3.­40
  • 3.­41
  • 3.­42
  • 3.­45
  • 3.­46
  • 3.­52
  • 3.­53
  • 3.­54
  • 3.­55
  • 3.­64
  • 3.­68
  • 3.­69
  • 3.­70
  • 3.­72
  • 3.­73
  • 3.­74
  • 3.­75
  • 3.­76
  • 3.­77
  • 3.­78
  • 3.­79
  • 3.­80
  • 3.­81
  • 3.­82
  • 3.­83
  • 3.­84
  • 3.­85
  • 3.­86
  • 3.­87
  • 3.­96
  • 3.­102
  • 3.­109
  • 3.­110
  • 3.­111
  • 3.­112
  • 3.­113
  • 3.­115
  • 3.­122
  • 3.­128
  • 3.­131
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­2
  • 4.­3
  • 4.­5
  • 4.­6
  • 4.­45
  • 4.­52
  • 4.­59
  • 4.­60
  • 4.­61
  • 4.­65
  • 4.­76
  • 4.­82
  • 4.­88
  • 4.­89
  • 4.­90
  • 4.­91
  • 4.­92
  • 4.­93
  • 4.­94
  • 4.­95
  • 4.­96
  • 4.­97
  • 4.­98
  • 4.­99
  • 4.­100
  • 4.­101
  • 4.­102
  • 4.­110
  • 5.­1
  • 5.­2
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­8
  • 8.­11
  • 8.­12
  • n.­6
g.­79

Rājagṛha

  • rgyal po’i khab
  • རྒྱལ་པོའི་ཁབ།
  • Rājagṛha

The capital of the ancient kingdom of Magadha.


5 passages contain this term
  • s.­1
  • 1.­2
  • n.­39
  • g.­49
  • g.­107
g.­80

Reviving Hell

  • yang sos
  • ཡང་སོས།
  • Saṃjīva

One of the eight hot hells.


1 passage contains this term
  • 6.­4
g.­81

Sage

  • drang srong
  • དྲང་སྲོང་།
  • ṛṣi

Indian sage or wise man (often a wandering ascetic or hermit).


14 passages contain this term
  • 6.­10
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­12
  • 6.­13
  • 6.­14
  • 6.­15
  • 6.­16
  • 6.­40
  • 6.­41
  • 6.­42
  • 6.­43
  • 7.­28
  • 7.­29
  • g.­56
g.­82

Śakra

  • brgya byin
  • བརྒྱ་བྱིན།
  • Śakra

Alternate name for Indra, the lord who rules the Heaven of the Thirty-Three.


4 passages contain this term
  • 4.­89
  • 6.­27
  • 6.­30
  • 6.­31
g.­83

Samudradatta

  • rgya mtshos byin
  • རྒྱ་མཚོས་བྱིན།
  • Samudradatta

One of the members of a group of four monks described in the Vinaya as followers of Devadatta that attempted to create a schism in the Buddhist saṅgha.


1 passage contains this term
  • 6.­61
g.­84

Śani

  • sha ni
  • ཤ་ནི།
  • Śani

Householder who lived in the past at the time of the buddha King of All Qualities’ Light Rays.


3 passages contain this term
  • 3.­19
  • 3.­21
  • g.­62
g.­85

Śāriputra

  • shA ri’i bu
  • ཤཱ་རིའི་བུ།
  • Śāriputra

One of the closest disciples of the Buddha Śākyamuni, known for his insight.


1 passage contains this term
  • 5.­6
g.­86

Sense source

  • skye mched
  • སྐྱེ་མཆེད།
  • āyatana

One way of describing experience and the world in terms of twelve sense sources (eye and form, ear and sound, nose and odor, tongue and taste, body and touch, mind and mental objects).


13 passages contain this term
  • 2.­5
  • 3.­64
  • 3.­65
  • 3.­66
  • 3.­112
  • 3.­113
  • 3.­116
  • 4.­63
  • 7.­3
  • 7.­4
  • 7.­5
  • 7.­19
  • 7.­20
g.­87

Seven limbs of awakening

  • byang chub kyi yan lag bdun
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཡན་ལག་བདུན།
  • saptabodhyaṅga

Mindfulness, discrimination, diligence, joy, pliability, absorption, and equanimity.


1 passage contains this term
  • 3.­128
g.­88

Signlessness

  • mtshan ma med pa
  • མཚན་མ་མེད་པ།
  • animitta

One of the three doors of liberation.


2 passages contain this term
  • 3.­74
  • g.­99
g.­89

Six higher perceptions

  • mngon par shes pa drug
  • མངོན་པར་ཤེས་པ་དྲུག
  • ṣaḍabhijñā

Divine sight, divine hearing, knowledge of the minds of others, remembrance of past lives, ability to perform miracles, and ability to destroy all mental defilements.


3 passages contain this term
  • 4.­83
  • 7.­28
  • g.­28
g.­90

Smṛtipratilabdha

  • dran pa thob pa
  • དྲན་པ་ཐོབ་པ།
  • Smṛtipratilabdha

Reincarnation of Damaśrī, prince living in the past at the time of the buddha Merugandha.


8 passages contain this term
  • 4.­91
  • 4.­92
  • 4.­93
  • 4.­94
  • 4.­95
  • 4.­96
  • 4.­97
  • 4.­99
g.­91

Śula

  • shu la
  • ཤུ་ལ།
  • Śula

Reincarnation of Damaśrī, prince living in the past at the time of the buddha Merugandha.


1 passage contains this term
  • 4.­101
g.­92

Sumeru

  • ri rab
  • རི་རབ།
  • Sumeru

A thus-gone one of the past.


1 passage contains this term
  • 3.­42
g.­93

Sunetra

  • legs pa’i spyan
  • ལེགས་པའི་སྤྱན།
  • Sunetra

A thus-gone one of the past.


1 passage contains this term
  • 4.­101
g.­94

Supratiṣṭhita

  • shin tu brtan pa
  • ཤིན་ཏུ་བརྟན་པ།
  • Supratiṣṭhita

A hearer who lived in the past and was a disciple of the buddha Merugandha.


2 passages contain this term
  • 4.­83
  • 4.­88
g.­95

Supreme Assembly

  • ’khor mchog
  • འཁོར་མཆོག
  • —

A thus-gone one of the past.


1 passage contains this term
  • 3.­41
g.­96

Teacher

  • slob dpon
  • སློབ་དཔོན།
  • ācārya

A spiritual teacher (sometimes more specifically the deputy or substitute of the upādhyāya).


4 passages contain this term
  • 3.­17
  • 4.­76
  • 4.­92
  • 4.­96
g.­97

Ten strengths

  • stobs bcu
  • སྟོབས་བཅུ།
  • daśabala

The ten strenghts of a buddha: reflection, intention, application, insight, aspiration, vehicle, conduct, manifestation, awakening, and turning the Dharma wheel.


3 passages contain this term
  • 4.­41
  • 7.­16
  • 7.­17
g.­98

The Determined One

  • rus pa can
  • རུས་པ་ཅན།
  • —

The name, mentioned in the Questions of Pūrṇa sūtra, that Devadatta will receive upon reaching the fruition of a solitary buddha.


1 passage contains this term
  • 6.­34
g.­99

Three doors of liberation

  • rnam par thar pa’i sgo gsum
  • རྣམ་པར་ཐར་པའི་སྒོ་གསུམ།
  • trivimokṣamukha

Emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness.


3 passages contain this term
  • 3.­128
  • g.­21
  • g.­88
g.­100

Three types of knowledge

  • rig pa gsum
  • རིག་པ་གསུམ།
  • trividyā

The three kinds of supernormal cognition among the six supernormal powers (六神通). Applied to buddhas they are called 三達, and applied to worthy ones they are called 三明. They are the power of divine vision (天眼通), whereby they can observe the full course of passage by sentient beings through the six destinies; the power of the knowledge of previous lifetimes (宿命通), (宿住通), whereby they know the events of countless kalpas of previous lifetimes experienced by themselves, as well as by all the beings in the six destinies; and the power of the extinction of contamination (漏盡通), whereby they completely extinguish all the afflictions of the three realms and thus are no longer subject to rebirth in the three realms. In the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya (倶舍論) 27, the three are termed 住智識證明, 死生識證明, and 漏盡識證明 (Skt. tri-vidya, tisrovidyāḥ, traividya; Pāli ti-vijjā; Tib. rig pa gsum).


1 passage contains this term
  • 4.­83
g.­101

Total Isolation

  • rab tu dben pa
  • རབ་ཏུ་དབེན་པ།
  • —

Name of a great city in the world, countless eons ago.


1 passage contains this term
  • 3.­19
g.­102

Trichiliocosm

  • stong gsum gyi stong chen po’i ’jig rten gyi khams
  • སྟོང་གསུམ་གྱི་སྟོང་ཆེན་པོའི་འཇིག་རྟེན་གྱི་ཁམས།
  • trisāhasramahāsāhasralokadhātu

A series of parallel universes containing one billion worlds, according to traditional Indian cosmology.


1 passage contains this term
  • 3.­35
g.­103

Twelve links of dependent origination

  • rten cing ’brel bar byung ba’i yang lag bcu gnyis
  • རྟེན་ཅིང་འབྲེལ་བར་བྱུང་བའི་ཡང་ལག་བཅུ་གཉིས།
  • dvādaśāṅgapratītyasamutpāda

The twelve causal links that perpetuate life in saṃsāra; starting with ignorance and ending with death.


3 passages contain this term
  • 3.­64
  • 3.­65
  • 3.­69
g.­104

Unimpeded Vision

  • thogs ma mi mnga’ ba’i spyan
  • ཐོགས་མ་མི་མངའ་བའི་སྤྱན།
  • Asaṇganetra

A thus-gone one of the past.


1 passage contains this term
  • 4.­101
g.­105

Universal monarch

  • ’khor los sgyur ba’i rgyal po
  • འཁོར་ལོས་སྒྱུར་བའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
  • cakravartin

Monarch ruling over the four continents of human beings.


1 passage contains this term
  • 7.­14
g.­106

Vārāṇasī

  • bA ra NA si
  • བཱ་ར་ཎཱ་སི།
  • Vārāṇasī

City in northern India where the Buddha first taught the Dharma.


6 passages contain this term
  • 4.­43
  • 5.­24
  • n.­6
  • n.­20
  • n.­39
  • g.­13
g.­107

Veṇuvana

  • ’od ma’i tshal
  • འོད་མའི་ཚལ།
  • Veṇuvana

A bamboo grove or forest containing a monastery, north of Rājagṛha, where Buddha Śākyamuni spent several monsoon retreats and delivered many Great Vehicle teachings.


8 passages contain this term
  • s.­1
  • 1.­2
  • 5.­24
  • 5.­25
  • 5.­26
  • 5.­27
  • n.­39
  • g.­49
g.­108

Verses

  • tshigs su bcad pa’i sde
  • ཚིགས་སུ་བཅད་པའི་སྡེ།
  • gāthā

One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures.


2 passages contain this term
  • 2.­2
  • 3.­16
g.­109

Virtues of ascetic practice

  • sbyangs pa’i chos
  • སྦྱངས་པའི་ཆོས།
  • dhūtadharma

The qualities associated with the observance of ascetic practices.


1 passage contains this term
  • 1.­54
g.­110

Vulture Peak Mountain

  • bya rgod phung po’i ri
  • བྱ་རྒོད་ཕུང་པོའི་རི།
  • Gṛdhrakūṭaparvata

The mountain where many Great Vehicle teachings were delivered by Buddha Śākyamuni.


1 passage contains this term
  • 6.­32
g.­111

Wailing Hell

  • ngu ’bod
  • ངུ་འབོད།
  • Raurava

One of the eight hot hells.


1 passage contains this term
  • 6.­4
g.­112

Wishlessness

  • smon pa med pa
  • སྨོན་པ་མེད་པ།
  • apraṇihita

One of the threedoors of liberation.


2 passages contain this term
  • 3.­74
  • g.­99
g.­113

World

  • ’dzam bu’i gling
  • འཛམ་བུའི་གླིང་།
  • Jambudvīpa

The name of the southern continent in Buddhist cosmology, which can mean the known world of humans or more specifically the Indian subcontinent. A gigantic, miraculous rose-apple (Skt. jambu) tree at the source of the great Indian rivers is said to give the continent its name.


13 passages contain this term
  • 3.­16
  • 3.­19
  • 3.­21
  • 3.­36
  • 4.­91
  • 4.­95
  • 4.­98
  • 5.­22
  • 6.­17
  • 6.­18
  • 6.­19
  • g.­69
  • g.­101
g.­114

Worthy one

  • dgra bcom pa
  • དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ།
  • arhat

A person who has accomplished the final fruition of the path of the hearers and is liberated from saṃsāra.


8 passages contain this term
  • 3.­15
  • 4.­59
  • 4.­83
  • 4.­94
  • 4.­101
  • 4.­135
  • 8.­9
  • g.­100
g.­115

Yakṣa

  • gnod sbyin
  • གནོད་སྦྱིན།
  • yakṣa

A class of mostly malevolent beings that cause harm to humans. One of the eight classes of spirits.


3 passages contain this term
  • 4.­89
  • 6.­9
  • 8.­12
g.­116

Yaśas

  • ya sha
  • ཡ་ཤ།
  • Yaśas

Reincarnation of Damaśrī, prince living in the past at the time of the buddha Merugandha.


6 passages contain this term
  • 4.­95
  • 4.­96
  • 4.­97
  • 4.­98
  • 4.­99
  • n.­6
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