co.

Table of Contents

s.

Summary

s.­1

In Unraveling the Intent, the Buddha gives a systematic overview of his three great cycles of teachings, which he refers to in this text as the “three Dharma wheels” (tri­dharma­cakra). In the process of delineating the meaning of these doctrines, the Buddha unravels several difficult points regarding the ultimate and relative truths, the nature of reality, and the contemplative methods conducive to the attainment of complete and perfect awakening, and he also explains what his intent was when he imparted teachings belonging to each of the three Dharma wheels. In unambiguous terms, the third wheel is proclaimed to be of definitive meaning. Through a series of dialogues with hearers and bodhisattvas, the Buddha thus offers a complete and systematic teaching on the Great Vehicle, which he refers to here as the Single Vehicle.

ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

Translation by the Buddhavacana Translation Group.

The text was translated by Gregory Forgues and edited by Casey Kemp. With special thanks to Harunaga Isaacson, Matthew Kapstein, Klaus-Dieter Mathes, Jonathan Silk, Lambert Schmithausen, Tom Tillemans, and William Waldron for their helpful comments and advice.

The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.


ac.­2

The generous sponsorship of Qiang Li (李强) and Ya Wen (文雅), which helped make the work on this translation possible, is most gratefully acknowledged.

The Translation
The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra
Unraveling the Intent
ab.

Abbreviations

Bd Bardan (Zanskar) canonical collection
C Choné xylograph Kangyur
Cbeta Chinese Electronic Buddhist Association, (www.cbeta.org)
Cz Chizhi Kangyur
D Degé xylograph Kangyur
Dd Dodedrak Kangyur
Dk Dongkarla Kangyur
Do Dolpo canonical collection
F Phukdrak manuscript Kangyur
Go Gondhla (Lahaul) canonical collection
Gt Gangteng Kangyur
H Lhasa xylograph Kangyur
He Hemis I Kangyur
J ’jang sa tham/Lithang xylograph Kangyur
Kʙ Berlin manuscript Kangyur
Kǫ774 Peking 1737 xylograph Kangyur
L London (Shelkar) manuscript Kangyur
Lg Lang mdo Kangyur
Mvyut Mahāvyutpatti
N Narthang xylograph Kangyur
Ng Namgyal Kangyur
Np Neyphug Kangyur
O Tawang Kangyur
Pj Phajoding I Kangyur
Pz Phajoding II Kangyur
R Ragya Kangyur
S Stok manuscript Kangyur
Saṃdh. Saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtra
Saṃdhdh Dunhuang manuscript: Stein Tib. n°194 (49 folios) and Stein Tib. n°683 (1 folio) (Hakamaya 1984–1987)
T Tokyo manuscript Kangyur
Taishō 676 解深密經, translated by Xuanzang (596–664 ᴄᴇ)
TrBh Sthiramati’s Triṃśikāvijñaptibhāṣyam
U Urga xylograph Kangyur
V Ulaanbaatar manuscript Kangyur
VD Degé; xylograph of the Viniścaya­saṃ­grahaṇī of the Yogācāra­bhūmi from the Tengyur
VG Golden; xylograph of the Viniścaya­saṃ­grahaṇī of the Yogācāra­bhūmi from the Tengyur
VP Peking; xylograph of the Viniścaya­saṃ­grahaṇī of the Yogācāra­bhūmi from the Tengyur
VinSg Viniścaya­saṃ­grahaṇī of the Yogācāra­bhūmi
X Basgo manuscript Kangyur
YBht P ’i Tibetan translation of Acarya Asanga’s Yogācāra­bhūmi from the Peking Tengyur (n°. 5540, sems-tsam, ’i 143aI-382a5 (vol. I l l : 121-217)
Z Shey Palace manuscript Kangyur
b.

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Wonch’uk. dgongs pa zab mo nges par ’grel pa’i mdo rgya cher ’grel pa (*Ārya­gambhīra­saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtraṭīkā) Toh 4016, Degé Tengyur vol. 118 (mdo ’grel, ti), folios 1.b–291.a; vol. 119 (mdo ’grel, thi), folios 1.b–175.a.

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Other Canonical Sources for Samdh.

Bd3.7 vol. 3 (ta) pha, folios 1.b–84.a

C747 vol. 29 (mdo sde, ca), folios 1.b–71.a

Dd031-001 (mdo ca), folios 1.b–69.b

Dk034-001 (mdo na), folios 1.b–87.b

Do (mdo sde, da), folios 196.a–246.b

F156 vol. 68 (mdo sde, tsha), folios 1.b–72.a

Go19,01 vol. 19 (ka), folios 1.b–36.a

Gt028-001 (mdo na), folios 1.b–72.b

H109 vol. 51 (mdo sde, ca), folios 1.b–87.b

He64.6 (mdo, wa), folios 62.b–125.b

J51 vol. 44 (mdo sde, ca), folios 1.b–59.b

Kǫ774 vol. 29 (mdo sna tshogs, ngu), folios 1.b–60.b

L82 vol. 42 (mdo sde, na), folios 1.b–80.b

N94 vol. 51 (mdo sde, ca) folios 1.a–81.a.

Np012-001 (mdo na), folios 1.b–87.a

Pj043-001 (mdo ca), folios 1.b–62.b

Pz045-001 (mdo ca), folios 1.b–61.a

R106 vol. 49 (mdo sde, ca), folios 1.b–55.b

S106 vol. 63 (mdo sde, na), folios 1.b–80.b

U106 vol. 49 (mdo sde, ca), folios 1.b–55.b

X (mdo sde, wa), folios 66.a–132.a

Z137 vol. 59 (mdo, na), folios 1.b–93.a

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g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for Sanskrit names and terms

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other Sanskrit manuscripts of the Kangyur or Tengyur.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in Tibetan-Sanskrit dictionaries.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where Tibetan-Sanskrit relationship is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source Unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

abiding in phenomena

  • chos gnas pa nyid
  • ཆོས་གནས་པ་ཉིད།
  • dharmasthititā
g.­2

absorption

  • snyoms par ’jug pa
  • སྙོམས་པར་འཇུག་པ།
  • samāpatti

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the synonyms for the meditative state. The Tibetan translators interpreted it as sama-āpatti, which brings in the idea of “equal” or “level”; however, it can also be parsed as sam-āpatti, in which case it would have the sense of “concentration” or “absorption,” much like samādhi, but with the added sense of “attainment.”

g.­3

absorption in the state of cessation

  • ’gog pa la snyoms par zhugs pa
  • འགོག་པ་ལ་སྙོམས་པར་ཞུགས་པ།
  • nirodhasamāpatti

See Mvyut 1500 and 1988.

g.­4

accept

  • len
  • ལེན།
  • ādadante

cf. Sanskrit text in Matsuda 2013, p. 940 ad Lamotte VIII.40.

g.­5

acceptance that phenomena are non-arisen

  • mi skye ba’i chos la bzod pa
  • མི་སྐྱེ་བའི་ཆོས་ལ་བཟོད་པ།
  • anutpattidharmakṣānti

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The bodhisattvas’ realization that all phenomena are unproduced and empty. It sustains them on the difficult path of benefiting all beings so that they do not succumb to the goal of personal liberation. Different sources link this realization to the first or eighth bodhisattva level (bhūmi).

g.­6

accomplishment of the goal

  • dgos pa yongs su grub pa
  • དགོས་པ་ཡོངས་སུ་གྲུབ་པ།
  • kṛtyānuṣṭhāna
g.­7

accumulated

  • kun tu bsags pa
  • ཀུན་ཏུ་བསགས་པ།
  • ācita
g.­8

accused

  • shag kyis ’chags
  • ཤག་ཀྱིས་འཆགས།
  • codanā
g.­9

activity of conditioning mental factors

  • ’du byed kyi ’jug pa
  • འདུ་བྱེད་ཀྱི་འཇུག་པ།
  • saṃskārapravṛtti
g.­10

actual

  • yongs su grub pa
  • ཡོངས་སུ་གྲུབ་པ།
  • pariniṣpanna

See n.­125.

g.­11

actual defining characteristic

  • yongs su grub pa’i mtshan nyid
  • ཡོངས་སུ་གྲུབ་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད།
  • pari­niṣpanna­lakṣaṇa
g.­12

actual essence

  • yongs su grub pa’i ngo bo nyid
  • yongs su grub pa’i rang bzhin
  • ཡོངས་སུ་གྲུབ་པའི་ངོ་བོ་ཉིད།
  • ཡོངས་སུ་གྲུབ་པའི་རང་བཞིན།
  • pariniṣpannasvabhāva
g.­13

actualization

  • mngon du bya ba
  • མངོན་དུ་བྱ་བ།
  • sākṣātkāra
g.­14

actually refer to

  • mngon par rjod pas rjod pa
  • མངོན་པར་རྗོད་པས་རྗོད་པ།
  • abhivadamānā
  • abhivadanti

Mahāvyutpatti 1290.

g.­15

affliction

  • kun nas nyon mongs pa
  • ཀུན་ནས་ཉོན་མོངས་པ།
  • saṃkleśa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A term meaning defilement, impurity, and pollution, broadly referring to cognitive and emotional factors that disturb and obscure the mind. As the self-perpetuating process of affliction in the minds of beings, it is a synonym for saṃsāra. It is often paired with its opposite, vyavadāna, meaning “purification.”

g.­16

aggregate

  • phung pho
  • ཕུང་ཕོ།
  • skandha

The five skandhas (pañcaskandha) are: forms (rūpa), sensation (vedanā), conception (saṃjñā), formations (saṃskāra), consciousness (vijñāna).

g.­17

analysis

  • brtag pa
  • བརྟག་པ།
  • parīkṣā
g.­18

analytical knowledge

  • so sor yang dag par rig pa
  • སོ་སོར་ཡང་དག་པར་རིག་པ།
  • pratisaṃvid

See Har Dayal 2004, p. 260ff.

g.­19

analytical knowledge of designations

  • chos so sor yang dag par rig pa
  • ཆོས་སོ་སོར་ཡང་དག་པར་རིག་པ།
  • dharma­prati­saṃvid
g.­20

analytical knowledge of the objects of designation

  • don so sor yang dag par rig pa
  • དོན་སོ་སོར་ཡང་དག་པར་རིག་པ།
  • ārthapratisaṃvid
g.­21

analyze

  • so sor rtog par byed
  • so sor rtog pa
  • སོ་སོར་རྟོག་པར་བྱེད།
  • སོ་སོར་རྟོག་པ།
  • pratyavekṣaṇa
  • pratyavekṣa

The term so sor rtog pa has two meanings in our text: (1) analysis (pratyavekṣa) and (2) comprehension, realization, awakening (pratibodha).

g.­22

anumāṇa

  • —
  • —
  • anumāṇa

Technical term in Buddhist logic.

g.­23

appearance

  • snang ba
  • སྣང་བ།
  • pratibhāsa
g.­24

appearancelessness

  • mtshan ma med pa
  • མཚན་མ་མེད་པ།
  • animitta

One of the three gates of liberation along with emptiness and wishlessness.

g.­25

applications of mindfulness

  • dran pa nye bar gzhag pa
  • དྲན་པ་ཉེ་བར་གཞག་པ།
  • smṛtyupasthāna

The four foundations of mindfulness refers to the application of mindfulness to: the body, sensations, the mind, phenomena.

g.­26

appropriating cognition

  • len pa’i rnam par shes pa
  • ལེན་པའི་རྣམ་པར་ཤེས་པ།
  • ādānavijñāna
g.­27

argumentative disputation

  • rtsod pa
  • རྩོད་པ།
  • vivāda
g.­28

aspiration

  • smon lam
  • སྨོན་ལམ།
  • praṇidhāna
g.­29

aspiration

  • mos pa
  • མོས་པ།
  • praṇidhāna
g.­30

assumption

  • mngon par zhen pa
  • མངོན་པར་ཞེན་པ།
  • abhiniviśanti
g.­31

attaining the powers

  • stobs bskyed pa
  • སྟོབས་བསྐྱེད་པ།
  • balādhāna
g.­32

attending

  • rjes su dpyod pa
  • རྗེས་སུ་དཔྱོད་པ།
  • anucaranti
g.­33

authoritative scripture

  • yid ches pa’i lung gi tshad ma
  • ཡིད་ཆེས་པའི་ལུང་གི་ཚད་མ།
  • āptāgamapramāṇa
g.­34

Avaloki­teśvara

  • spyan ras gzigs
  • ’phags pa spyan ras gzigs dbang phyug
  • སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས།
  • འཕགས་པ་སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས་དབང་ཕྱུག
  • avaloki­teśvara
  • āryāva­loki­teśvara

The bodhisattva who embodies compassion, also mentioned in this text as Āryāva­loki­teśvara, the noble Avaloki­teśvara.

g.­36

awakening factors

  • byang chub kyi phyogs dang ’thun pa’i chos
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཕྱོགས་དང་འཐུན་པའི་ཆོས།
  • bodhi­pakṣya­dharma
g.­37

awakening mind

  • byang chub kyi sems
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སེམས།
  • bodhicitta

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The intent at the heart of the Great Vehicle, namely to obtain buddhahood in order to liberate all beings from suffering. In its relative aspect, it is both this aspiration and the practices toward buddhahood. In its absolute aspect, it is the realization of emptiness or the awakened mind itself.

g.­38

awareness

  • shes bzhin
  • ཤེས་བཞིན།
  • samprajāna
g.­39

bahuvrīhi

  • —
  • —
  • bahuvrīhi

Type of Sanskrit compound.

g.­40

bases of supernatural powers

  • rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa
  • རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་གྱི་རྐང་པ།
  • ṛddhipādaḥ

The four bases of supernatural powers (ṛddhipāda, rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi) are: (1) concentration through will (chanda, ’dun pa), (2) concentration through vigor (vīrya, brtson ’grus), (3) concentration through the mind (citta, bsam pa), and (4) concentration through investigation (mīmāṃsā, dpyod pa ). See Rahula 2001, p. 163.

g.­41

belief in a perduring self

  • ’jig tshogs la lta ba
  • འཇིག་ཚོགས་ལ་ལྟ་བ།
  • satkāyadṛṣṭi
g.­42

beryl

  • bai dur+ya
  • བཻ་དུརྱ།
  • vaidūrya
g.­43

bichiliocosm

  • stong gnyis pa bar ma’i ’jig rten gyi khams
  • སྟོང་གཉིས་པ་བར་མའི་འཇིག་རྟེན་གྱི་ཁམས།
  • dvitīyamadhyama sāhasralokadhātu

Equal to a thousand universes of a thousand worlds (i.e., a universe of a million worlds).

g.­44

binding

  • ’ching ba
  • འཆིང་བ།
  • bandhana
g.­45

blessed one

  • bcom ldan ’das
  • བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས།
  • bhagavān
  • bhagavat

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In Buddhist literature, an epithet applied to buddhas, most often to Śākyamuni. The Sanskrit term generally means “possessing fortune,” but in specifically Buddhist contexts it implies that a buddha is in possession of six auspicious qualities (bhaga) associated with complete awakening. The Tibetan term‍—where bcom is said to refer to “subduing” the four māras, ldan to “possessing” the great qualities of buddhahood, and ’das to “going beyond” saṃsāra and nirvāṇa‍—possibly reflects the commentarial tradition where the Sanskrit bhagavat is interpreted, in addition, as “one who destroys the four māras.” This is achieved either by reading bhagavat as bhagnavat (“one who broke”), or by tracing the word bhaga to the root √bhañj (“to break”).

g.­46

body afflicted by corruption

  • gnas ngan len gyi lus
  • གནས་ངན་ལེན་གྱི་ལུས།
  • dauṣṭhulyakāya
g.­47

branches of awakening

  • byang chub kyi yan lag
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཡན་ལག
  • bodhyaṅgāni

The seven branches of awakening are: (1) correct mindfulness, (2) correct discrimination of dharmas, (3) correct vigor, (4) correct joy, (5) correct flexibility, (6) correct concentration, and (7) correct equanimity.

g.­48

bring together

  • kun ’byung ba
  • ཀུན་འབྱུང་བ།
  • samudaya
g.­49

buddha field

  • sangs rgyas kyi zhing
  • སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཞིང་།
  • buddhakṣetra

Also translated as “buddha realm.”

g.­50

buddha realm

  • sangs rgyas kyi zhing
  • སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཞིང་།
  • buddhakṣetra

Also translated as “buddha field.”

g.­51

Buddha Stage

  • sangs rgyas kyi sa
  • སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ས།
  • buddhabhūmi

The name of a bodhisattva stage.

g.­52

can [only] be known by intelligent scholars well versed in the subtle

  • zhib mo brtags pa’i mkhas pa dang ’dzangs pas rig pa
  • ཞིབ་མོ་བརྟགས་པའི་མཁས་པ་དང་འཛངས་པས་རིག་པ།
  • sūkṣmaṃ nipuṇapaṇḍitavijñavedanīyaḥ

Mahāvyutpatti 2918.

g.­53

causal dependence

  • rang dbang med pa
  • རང་དབང་མེད་པ།
  • asvatantra
g.­54

cause and effect

  • rgyu dang ’bras bu
  • རྒྱུ་དང་འབྲས་བུ།
  • hetuphala
g.­55

changing opinions

  • blo gros tha dad pa
  • བློ་གྲོས་ཐ་དད་པ།
  • matibheda
g.­56

characterized by

  • rab tu phye ba
  • རབ་ཏུ་ཕྱེ་བ།
  • prabhāvita

See Schmithausen 2014, p. 557, §512.1. Also translated here as “consisting in” and “constituted.”

g.­57

clarified butter

  • mar gyi snying khu
  • མར་གྱི་སྙིང་ཁུ།
  • sarpirmaṇḍa

Mahāvyutpatti 5683.

g.­58

clear mindfulness

  • gsal ba
  • གསལ་བ།
  • paṭu
g.­59

Cloud of Dharma

  • chos kyi sprin
  • ཆོས་ཀྱི་སྤྲིན།
  • dharmameghā

The name of a bodhisattva stage.

g.­60

cognition

  • rnam par shes pa
  • རྣམ་པར་ཤེས་པ།
  • vijñāna
g.­61

cognition that is personal and intuitive

  • so sor rang rig pa
  • སོ་སོར་རང་རིག་པ།
  • pratyātmavedya
  • pratyātmavedanīya
  • pratyātmajñāna
  • prātyatmam
g.­62

collection of teachings on the bodhisattva [path]

  • byang chub sems dpa’i sde snod
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའི་སྡེ་སྣོད།
  • bodhisattvapiṭaka
g.­63

communication

  • ming du bya ba
  • མིང་དུ་བྱ་བ།
  • saṃjñāpya
g.­64

complete equanimity

  • lhag par btang snyoms
  • ལྷག་པར་བཏང་སྙོམས།
  • adhyupekṣya
g.­65

completely

  • thams cad kyi thams cad
  • ཐམས་ཅད་ཀྱི་ཐམས་ཅད།
  • sarveṇa sarvam

Mahāvyutpatti 6405.

g.­66

comprehension

  • yongs su shes pa
  • ཡོངས་སུ་ཤེས་པ།
  • parijñā
g.­67

concentrated

  • mnyam par bzhag pa
  • མཉམ་པར་བཞག་པ།
  • samāhita

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A state of deep concentration in which the mind is absorbed in its object to such a degree that conceptual thought is suspended. It is sometimes interpreted as settling (āhita) the mind in equanimity (sama).

g.­68

concentration

  • ting nge ’dzin
  • ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན།
  • samādhi

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In a general sense, samādhi can describe a number of different meditative states. In the Mahāyāna literature, in particular in the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, we find extensive lists of different samādhis, numbering over one hundred.

In a more restricted sense, and when understood as a mental state, samādhi is defined as the one-pointedness of the mind (cittaikāgratā), the ability to remain on the same object over long periods of time. The sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa commentary on the Mahāvyutpatti explains the term samādhi as referring to the instrument through which mind and mental states “get collected,” i.e., it is by the force of samādhi that the continuum of mind and mental states becomes collected on a single point of reference without getting distracted.

g.­69

conception

  • ’du shes
  • འདུ་ཤེས།
  • saṃjñā
g.­70

conception

  • rtog pa
  • རྟོག་པ།
  • kalpanā
g.­71

conceptualization

  • rnam rtog
  • rnam par rtog pa
  • རྣམ་རྟོག
  • རྣམ་པར་རྟོག་པ།
  • vikalpa
g.­72

conceptualize

  • gdags pa
  • གདགས་པ།
  • prajñapti

Also translated here as “decide.”

g.­73

conclusive

  • gcig tu nges pa
  • གཅིག་ཏུ་ངེས་པ།
  • aikāntikaḥ

Mahāvyutpatti 7587.

g.­74

conditioned

  • ’du byas
  • འདུ་བྱས།
  • saṃskṛta
g.­75

conditioned phenomena

  • ’du byed
  • འདུ་བྱེད།
  • saṃskāra

Also translated here as “conditioning mental factors.”

g.­76

conditioning mental factors

  • ’du byed
  • འདུ་བྱེད།
  • saṃskāra

Also translated here as “conditioned phenomena.”

g.­77

conditioning process of the mental factors

  • ’du byed mngon par ’du bya ba
  • འདུ་བྱེད་མངོན་པར་འདུ་བྱ་བ།
  • saṃskārābhi­saṃskaraṇa
g.­78

conducive

  • grogs
  • གྲོགས།
  • sahāya
g.­79

confined

  • rjes su ’brel ba
  • རྗེས་སུ་འབྲེལ་བ།
  • anubandha
g.­80

confusion

  • ’khrul pa
  • འཁྲུལ་པ།
  • bhrānta
g.­81

consequence

  • chud mi za ba
  • ཆུད་མི་ཟ་བ།
  • avipraṇa
g.­82

consideration

  • yongs su rtog pa
  • ཡོངས་སུ་རྟོག་པ།
  • paritarka
g.­83

consisting in

  • rab tu phye ba
  • རབ་ཏུ་ཕྱེ་བ།
  • prabhāvita

Also translated here as “characterized by” and “constituted.” See Schmithausen 2014, p. 557, §512.1.

g.­84

constancy of phenomena

  • chos gnas pa nyid
  • ཆོས་གནས་པ་ཉིད།
  • dharmasthititā

Mahāvyutpatti 1719.

g.­85

constant

  • rnam par gnas pa
  • རྣམ་པར་གནས་པ།
  • vyavasthita
g.­86

constituent

  • khams
  • ཁམས།
  • dhātu

The eighteen constituents are: eye, visual object, visual consciousness; ear, sound, auditive consciousness; nose, smell, olfactory consciousness; tongue, taste, gustative consciousness; body, touch, tactile consciousness; mind, mental objects, mental consciousness. When it refers to six elements, they are: earth, water, fire, air, space, and consciousness.

g.­87

constituted

  • rab tu phye ba
  • རབ་ཏུ་ཕྱེ་བ།
  • prabhāvita

See Schmithausen 2014, p. 557, §512.1. Also translated here as “characterized by” and “consisting in.”

g.­88

contemplation

  • bsams pa
  • བསམས་པ།
  • cintā
g.­89

convention

  • rjes su tha snyad
  • རྗེས་སུ་ཐ་སྙད།
  • anuvyavahāra
g.­90

conventionally

  • brda
  • བརྡ།
  • saṃketa
g.­91

correct concentration

  • yang dag pa’i ting nge ’dzin
  • ཡང་དག་པའི་ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན།
  • samyaksamādhi
g.­92

correct self-restraints

  • yang dag par spong ba
  • ཡང་དག་པར་སྤོང་བ།
  • samyakprahāṇa

See “four correct self-restraints.”

g.­93

corruption

  • gnas ngan len
  • གནས་ངན་ལེན།
  • dauṣṭhulya
g.­94

decide

  • gdags pa
  • གདགས་པ།
  • prajñapti

Also translated here as “conceptualize.”

g.­95

dedication of merit

  • yongs su bsngo ba
  • ཡོངས་སུ་བསྔོ་བ།
  • pariṇāmanā
  • pariṇata
g.­96

deeper

  • phri
  • phyi
  • ཕྲི།
  • ཕྱི།
  • —

Lit. “outer.”

g.­97

deer park

  • ri dags kyi nags
  • རི་དགས་ཀྱི་ནགས།
  • mṛgadāva

The forest, located outside of Varanasi, where the Buddha first taught the Dharma.

g.­98

defilement

  • nyon mongs pa
  • ཉོན་མོངས་པ།
  • kleśa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The essentially pure nature of mind is obscured and afflicted by various psychological defilements, which destroy the mind’s peace and composure and lead to unwholesome deeds of body, speech, and mind, acting as causes for continued existence in saṃsāra. Included among them are the primary afflictions of desire (rāga), anger (dveṣa), and ignorance (avidyā). It is said that there are eighty-four thousand of these negative mental qualities, for which the eighty-four thousand categories of the Buddha’s teachings serve as the antidote.

Kleśa is also commonly translated as “negative emotions,” “disturbing emotions,” and so on. The Pāli kilesa, Middle Indic kileśa, and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit kleśa all primarily mean “stain” or “defilement.” The translation “affliction” is a secondary development that derives from the more general (non-Buddhist) classical understanding of √kliś (“to harm,“ “to afflict”). Both meanings are noted by Buddhist commentators.

g.­100

defining characteristic

  • mtshan nyid
  • མཚན་ཉིད།
  • lakṣaṇa
g.­101

delusion

  • gti mug
  • གཏི་མུག
  • moha

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the three poisons (dug gsum) along with aversion and attachment which perpetuate the sufferings of cyclic existence. It is the obfuscating mental state which obstructs an individual from generating knowledge or insight, and it is said to be dominant characteristic of the animal world in general. Commonly rendered as confusion, delusion, ignorance or bewilderment.

g.­102

delusion

  • kun tu rmongs pa
  • rnam par rmongs pa
  • ཀུན་ཏུ་རྨོངས་པ།
  • རྣམ་པར་རྨོངས་པ།
  • saṃmoha

Also translated here as “obscuration.”

g.­103

demonstration

  • bshad pa
  • བཤད་པ།
  • deśana
g.­104

description

  • rnam par bsnyad pa
  • རྣམ་པར་བསྙད་པ།
  • vyākhyā
g.­105

designation

  • btags pa
  • བཏགས་པ།
  • prajñapti
g.­106

determination

  • rnam par bzhag pa
  • རྣམ་པར་བཞག་པ།
  • vyavasthā
g.­107

dhāraṇī

  • gzungs
  • གཟུངས།
  • dhāraṇī

Also rendered here as “keeping it in mind,” “formula.”

g.­108

Dharma discourse

  • chos kyi rnam grangs
  • ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྣམ་གྲངས།
  • dharmaparyāya
g.­109

Dharma of the nonexistence of defining characteristics

  • mtshan nyid med pa’i chos
  • མཚན་ཉིད་མེད་པའི་ཆོས།
  • alakṣaṇadharma

Mahāvyutpatti 353.

g.­110

Dharmodgata

  • chos ’phags
  • ཆོས་འཕགས།
  • dharmodgata

A bodhisattva mahāsattva.

g.­111

differentiating

  • rnam par ’byed pa
  • རྣམ་པར་འབྱེད་པ།
  • vibhājanā
g.­112

diligence

  • brtson ’grus
  • བརྩོན་འགྲུས།
  • viryā

Also translated here as “vigor.”

g.­113

direct cognition

  • mngon sum gyi tshad ma
  • མངོན་སུམ་གྱི་ཚད་མ།
  • pratyakṣapramāṇa
g.­114

direct their attention

  • yid la byed
  • ཡིད་ལ་བྱེད།
  • manasikāra
g.­115

discerning

  • rab tu rnam par ’byed pa
  • རབ་ཏུ་རྣམ་པར་འབྱེད་པ།
  • pravicaya
g.­116

discerning

  • nges par rtog pa
  • nges par rtogs pa
  • ངེས་པར་རྟོག་པ།
  • ངེས་པར་རྟོགས་པ།
  • nirūpaṇā

Mahāvyutpatti 7450.

g.­117

discipline

  • tshul khrims
  • ཚུལ་ཁྲིམས།
  • śīla

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Morally virtuous or disciplined conduct and the abandonment of morally undisciplined conduct of body, speech, and mind. In a general sense, moral discipline is the cause for rebirth in higher, more favorable states, but it is also foundational to Buddhist practice as one of the three trainings (triśikṣā) and one of the six perfections of a bodhisattva. Often rendered as “ethics,” “discipline,” and “morality.”

g.­118

discourses teaching Dharma

  • chos gdags pa rnam par gzhag pa
  • ཆོས་གདགས་པ་རྣམ་པར་གཞག་པ།
  • dharmaprajñaptivyavasthā(pa)na
g.­119

discriminating

  • bye brag ’byed pa
  • བྱེ་བྲག་འབྱེད་པ།
  • nitīraṇa

Also rendered here as “distinguishing.”

g.­120

discrimination of dharmas

  • chos rab tu rnam par ’byed pa
  • ཆོས་རབ་ཏུ་རྣམ་པར་འབྱེད་པ།
  • dharmapravicaya
g.­121

distinct

  • tha dad pa
  • ཐ་དད་པ།
  • bheda
g.­122

distinctive

  • bye brag
  • བྱེ་བྲག
  • viśeṣa
g.­123

distinctive characteristic

  • bye brag gi mtshan nyid
  • བྱེ་བྲག་གི་མཚན་ཉིད།
  • viṣeśalakṣaṇa
g.­124

distinctly perceive

  • rab tu shes
  • རབ་ཏུ་ཤེས།
  • prajānāti
g.­125

distinguishing

  • bye brag ’byed pa
  • བྱེ་བྲག་འབྱེད་པ།
  • nitīraṇa

Also rendered here as “discriminating.”

g.­126

diversity of things

  • ji snyed yod pa nyid
  • ཇི་སྙེད་ཡོད་པ་ཉིད།
  • yāvadbhāvikatā
g.­127

domain of truth

  • chos kyi dbyings
  • ཆོས་ཀྱི་དབྱིངས།
  • dharmadhātu
g.­128

domains of mastery

  • zil gyis gnon pa’i skye mched
  • ཟིལ་གྱིས་གནོན་པའི་སྐྱེ་མཆེད།
  • abhibhvāyatana

See Buswell & Lopez 2014, p. 2.

g.­129

domains of totality

  • zad par gyi skye mched
  • ཟད་པར་གྱི་སྐྱེ་མཆེད།
  • kṛtsnāyatana

This term corresponds to the kasiṇa of the Pāli tradition, a visualization object is used as a support for the totality of the meditator’s attention.

g.­130

dvandva

  • —
  • —
  • dvandva

Type of Sanskrit compound.

g.­131

effortless

  • lhun gyis grub pa
  • ལྷུན་གྱིས་གྲུབ་པ།
  • anābhoga
g.­132

elaboration of conventional expressions

  • tha snyad ’dogs pa’i spros pa
  • ཐ་སྙད་འདོགས་པའི་སྤྲོས་པ།
  • vyavahāraprapañca
g.­133

eloquence

  • spobs pa
  • སྤོབས་པ།
  • pratibhāna
g.­134

emanation

  • sprul pa
  • སྤྲུལ་པ།
  • nirmāṇa

See n.­365.

g.­135

emanation body

  • sprul sku
  • སྤྲུལ་སྐུ།
  • nirmāṇakāya
g.­136

emancipation

  • nges par ’byung ba
  • ངེས་པར་འབྱུང་བ།
  • niḥsaraṇa
  • niryāṇa

Also translated here as “pathway.”

g.­137

emptiness

  • stong pa nyid
  • སྟོང་པ་ཉིད།
  • śūnyatā

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Emptiness denotes the ultimate nature of reality, the total absence of inherent existence and self-identity with respect to all phenomena. According to this view, all things and events are devoid of any independent, intrinsic reality that constitutes their essence. Nothing can be said to exist independent of the complex network of factors that gives rise to its origination, nor are phenomena independent of the cognitive processes and mental constructs that make up the conventional framework within which their identity and existence are posited. When all levels of conceptualization dissolve and when all forms of dichotomizing tendencies are quelled through deliberate meditative deconstruction of conceptual elaborations, the ultimate nature of reality will finally become manifest. It is the first of the three gateways to liberation.

g.­138

emptiness devoid of rejection

  • dor ba med pa stong pa nyid
  • དོར་བ་མེད་པ་སྟོང་པ་ཉིད།
  • anavakāraśūnyatā
g.­139

emptiness of the limitless

  • mtha’ las stong pa nyid
  • མཐའ་ལས་སྟོང་པ་ཉིད།
  • atyantaśūnyatā
g.­140

emptiness of the substanceless

  • dngos po stong pa nyid
  • དངོས་པོ་སྟོང་པ་ཉིད།
  • a(sva)bhāvaśūnyatā
g.­141

equanimity

  • btang snyoms
  • བཏང་སྙོམས།
  • upekṣā
g.­142

erroneous conception

  • mngon par zhen pa
  • མངོན་པར་ཞེན་པ།
  • abhiniveśa
g.­143

essence

  • ngo bo nyid
  • ངོ་བོ་ཉིད།
  • svabhāva

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

This term denotes the ontological status of phenomena, according to which they are said to possess existence in their own right‍—inherently, in and of themselves, objectively, and independent of any other phenomena such as our conception and labelling. The absence of such an ontological reality is defined as the true nature of reality, emptiness.

g.­144

essencelessness

  • ngo bo nyid med pa nyid
  • ངོ་བོ་ཉིད་མེད་པ་ཉིད།
  • niḥsva­bhāvatā

The three kinds of essencelessness are essencelessness regarding defining characteristics, essencelessness regarding arising, and essencelessness regarding the ultimate.

g.­145

essencelessness regarding arising

  • skye ba ngo bo nyid med pa nyid
  • སྐྱེ་བ་ངོ་བོ་ཉིད་མེད་པ་ཉིད།
  • utpattiniḥsva­bhāvatā
g.­146

essencelessness regarding defining characteristics

  • mtshan nyid ngo bo nyid med pa nyid
  • མཚན་ཉིད་ངོ་བོ་ཉིད་མེད་པ་ཉིད།
  • lakṣaṇaniḥsva­bhāvatā
g.­147

essencelessness regarding the ultimate

  • don dam pa ngo bo nyid med pa nyid
  • དོན་དམ་པ་ངོ་བོ་ཉིད་མེད་པ་ཉིད།
  • paramārthaniḥsva­bhāvatā
g.­148

essential characteristic

  • ngo bo nyid kyi mtshan nyid
  • ངོ་བོ་ཉིད་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད།
  • svabhāvalakṣaṇa
g.­149

established

  • rnam par bzhag pa
  • རྣམ་པར་བཞག་པ།
  • vyavasthā

Also translated here as “posited” and “determination.”

g.­150

examine

  • brtag
  • བརྟག
  • —
g.­151

examine

  • rnam par dpyad
  • རྣམ་པར་དཔྱད།
  • vicārita
  • vicāraṇa
g.­152

examine

  • ’jal ba
  • འཇལ་བ།
  • —
g.­153

examining

  • yongs su dpyod pa
  • ཡོངས་སུ་དཔྱོད་པ།
  • parimīmāṃsā
  • paricāra
g.­154

excellence of their peaceful conduct

  • bzod pa dang des pa chen po dang ldan pa
  • བཟོད་པ་དང་དེས་པ་ཆེན་པོ་དང་ལྡན་པ།
  • mahākṣāntisauratyasamanvāgataḥ

Mahāvyutpatti 1115.

g.­155

Excellent Intelligence

  • legs pa’i blo gros
  • ལེགས་པའི་བློ་གྲོས།
  • sādhumatī

The name of a bodhisattva stage.

g.­156

excited

  • bzlums
  • བཟླུམས།
  • uddhata
g.­157

expedient

  • rnam grangs
  • རྣམ་གྲངས།
  • paryāya

In the sūtra, paryāya is used to denote (1) an expedient or a trick in the context of illusions produced by a magician; (2) a method, an approach through which one can practice in accordance with a teaching; or (3) a scripture, a teaching regarding a specific aspect.

g.­158

express themselves through conventions

  • tha snyad ’dogs
  • ཐ་སྙད་འདོགས།
  • vyavaharanti
g.­159

extent

  • mthar thug pa
  • མཐར་ཐུག་པ།
  • paryanta
g.­160

fabrication

  • yongs su rtog pa
  • ཡོངས་སུ་རྟོག་པ།
  • parikalpa
g.­161

factors of conditioned existence

  • srid pa’i yan lag
  • སྲིད་པའི་ཡན་ལག
  • bhavāṅga

The twelve factors or links of conditioned existence are: ignorance (avidyā), mental formations (saṃskāra), consciousness (vijñāna), mind and matter (nāmarūpa), the six sense organs (ṣaḍāyatana), contact (sparśa), sensation (vedanā), craving (tṛṣṇā), clinging (upādāna), becoming (bhava), birth (jāti), aging and dying (jarāmaraṇa).

g.­162

faculties

  • dbang po
  • དབང་པོ།
  • indriya

See “five faculties.”

g.­163

faith

  • dad pa
  • དད་པ།
  • śraddhā
g.­164

falsity

  • skyon chags pa
  • སྐྱོན་ཆགས་པ།
  • duṣṭatā
g.­165

Far Reaching

  • ring du song ba
  • རིང་དུ་སོང་བ།
  • dūraṅgamā

The name of a bodhisattva stage.

g.­166

faultless state of truth

  • yang dag pa nyid skyon med pa
  • ཡང་དག་པ་ཉིད་སྐྱོན་མེད་པ།
  • samyaktvanyāma
g.­167

five faculties

  • dbang po lnga
  • དབང་པོ་ལྔ།
  • pañcendriyāṇi

The five faculties are those of (1) faith, (2) vigor, (3) mindfulness, (4) concentration (samādhi), and (5) wisdom (prajñā). These are similar to the five forces but in a lesser stage of development.

g.­168

five forces

  • stobs lnga
  • སྟོབས་ལྔ།
  • pañcabalāni

Differing only in intensity, the five forces are similar to the five faculties: (1) faith, (2) vigor, (3) mindfulness, (4) concentration (samādhi), and (5) wisdom (prajñā).

g.­169

five great fears

  • ’jig pa chen po lnga
  • འཇིག་པ་ཆེན་པོ་ལྔ།
  • pañcamahābhaya

The five great fears are “the fear concerning livelihood, fear of disapproval, fear of death, fear of bad transmigrations, and fear that is timidity when addressing assemblies.” (Powers 1995, p. 316, n. 19).

g.­170

five sciences

  • rigs pa’i gnas lnga po
  • རིགས་པའི་གནས་ལྔ་པོ།
  • pañcavidyā

The five sciences are grammar, logic, philosophy, medicine, and crafts.

g.­171

flexibility

  • shin tu sbyangs pa
  • ཤིན་ཏུ་སྦྱངས་པ།
  • praśrabdhi

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Fifth among the branches or limbs of awakening (Skt. bodhyaṅga); a condition of calm, clarity, and composure in mind and body that serves as an antidote to negativity and confers a mental and physical capacity that facilitates meditation and virtuous action.

g.­172

focus their minds within

  • sems nang du ’jog
  • སེམས་ནང་དུ་འཇོག
  • cittasthāpana
g.­173

foolish being

  • byis pa
  • བྱིས་པ།
  • bāla
g.­174

forces

  • stobs
  • སྟོབས།
  • bala

See “five forces.”

g.­175

formula

  • gzungs
  • གཟུངས།
  • dhāraṇī

“Formula” in the sense of a “mnemonic formula” encapsulating a method or key points in a few words. On the meaning of this term, see Braarvig 1985.

Also rendered here as “keeping it in mind,” “dhāraṇī.”

g.­176

foundations of training

  • bslab pa’i gzhi
  • བསླབ་པའི་གཞི།
  • śikṣāpada

In this text, the six foundations of training are listed as generosity, discipline, patience, diligence, meditative absorption, and wisdom.

g.­177

four correct self-restraints

  • yang dag par spong ba bzhi
  • ཡང་དག་པར་སྤོང་བ་བཞི།
  • catvāri prahāṇāni

The four correct self-restraints are: giving up nonvirtues, avoiding nonvirtues, generating virtues, developing virtues. See Edgerton 1953, p. 389,2.

g.­178

four kinds of assurance

  • mi ’jigs pa bzhi
  • མི་འཇིགས་པ་བཞི།
  • catvāri vaiśāradyāni

The four kinds of assurance of a tathāgata are (1) assurance concerning complete awakening (abhisambodhivaiśāradya, thams cad mkhyen pa la mi ’jigs pa ); (2) assurance concerning the destruction of the impurities (āsravakṣayavaiśāradya, zag pa zad pa mkhyen pa la mi ’jigs pa); (3) assurance concerning harmful things (antarāyikadharmavaiśāradya, bar du gcod pa’i chos la mi ’jigs pa); and (4) assurance concerning the path that leads to emancipation (nairyāṇikapratipadvaiśāradya, thob par ’gyur bar nges par ’byung ba’i lam la mi ’jigs pa). See Rahula 2001, p. 230, in which they are called “perfect self-confidence.”

g.­179

four kinds of sustenance

  • zas bzhi
  • ཟས་བཞི།
  • catvārāhārāḥ

The four kinds of sustenance are the sustenance of material ingestion, the sustenance of contact, the sustenance of will, and the sustenance of consciousness.

g.­180

four methods of conversion

  • bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi’i ming
  • བསྡུ་བའི་དངོས་པོ་བཞིའི་མིང་།
  • catvāri saṃgrahavastūni

Mahāvyutpatti 924. The four methods of conversion are: (1) generosity (dāna), (2) kind words (priyavādita), (3) being supportive of others (arthacaryā), and (4) being consistent with one’s own teachings (samānārthatā). (see Mvyut 924).

g.­181

four noble truths

  • ’phags pa’i bden pa bzhi
  • འཕགས་པའི་བདེན་པ་བཞི།
  • catvāri āryasatyāni

The four noble truths, as stated in this sūtra, are: the comprehension of suffering, the abandoning of the cause of suffering, the actualization of the cessation of suffering, and the practice of the path.

g.­182

four seals of Dharma

  • phyag rgya bzhi
  • ཕྱག་རྒྱ་བཞི།
  • caturmudrā

The impermanence of all conditioned phenomena, the suffering inherent to all conditioned phenomena, the selflessness of all phenomena, and nirvāṇa as the state of peace.

g.­183

free from covetousness

  • zang zing med pa
  • ཟང་ཟིང་མེད་པ།
  • nirāmiṣa

In the sense of “disinterested,” “not expecting a reward.”

g.­184

free of any wrongdoing

  • kha na ma tho ba med pa
  • ཁ་ན་མ་ཐོ་བ་མེད་པ།
  • anavadya
g.­185

Gam­bhīrārtha­saṃdhi­nirmo­cana

  • don zab dgongs pa nges par ’grel
  • དོན་ཟབ་དགོངས་པ་ངེས་པར་འགྲེལ།
  • gam­bhīrārtha­saṃdhi­nirmo­cana

A bodhisattva mahāsattva.

g.­186

gandharva

  • dri za
  • དྲི་ཟ།
  • gandharva

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A class of generally benevolent nonhuman beings who inhabit the skies, sometimes said to inhabit fantastic cities in the clouds, and more specifically to dwell on the eastern slopes of Mount Meru, where they are under the jurisdiction of the Great King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. They are most renowned as celestial musicians who serve the gods. In the Abhidharma, the term is also used to refer to the mental body assumed by any sentient being in the realm of desire (kāma­dhātu) during the intermediate state between death and rebirth. Gandharvas are said to live on fragrances in the desire realm, hence the Tibetan translation dri za, meaning “scent eater.”

g.­187

garuḍa

  • —
  • —
  • garuḍa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

In Indian mythology, the garuḍa is an eagle-like bird that is regarded as the king of all birds, normally depicted with a sharp, owl-like beak, often holding a snake, and with large and powerful wings. They are traditionally enemies of the nāgas. In the Vedas, they are said to have brought nectar from the heavens to earth. Garuḍa can also be used as a proper name for a king of such creatures.

g.­188

gates of liberation

  • rnam par thar pa’i sgo
  • རྣམ་པར་ཐར་པའི་སྒོ།
  • vimokṣamukha

Emptiness, appearancelessness, and wishlessness.

g.­189

gāthā

  • tshigs su bcad pa
  • ཚིགས་སུ་བཅད་པ།
  • gāthā

A gāthā is a verse or stanza.

g.­190

generosity

  • sbyin pa
  • སྦྱིན་པ།
  • —
g.­191

gnosis

  • ye shes
  • ཡེ་ཤེས།
  • jñāna
g.­192

gnosis and vision

  • shes pa dang mthong ba
  • ཤེས་པ་དང་མཐོང་བ།
  • jñānadarśana
g.­193

gone forth

  • nges par ’byung ba
  • ངེས་པར་འབྱུང་བ།
  • niryātaka
  • parivrājaka

Having left one’s home to become a wandering mendicant. Also translated here as emancipation and as pathway.

g.­194

great emptiness

  • chen po stong pa nyid
  • ཆེན་པོ་སྟོང་པ་ཉིད།
  • mahāśūnyatā

The emptiness of the space containing all domains, objects, and locations.

g.­195

Guṇākara

  • yon tan ’byung gnas
  • ཡོན་ཏན་འབྱུང་གནས།
  • guṇākara

A bodhisattva mahāsattva.

g.­196

had realized the sameness [of all phenomena], the state of a buddha in which there is neither a center nor a periphery

  • mtha’ dang dbus med pa’i sangs rgyas kyi sa mnyam pa nyid bu thugs su chud pa
  • མཐའ་དང་དབུས་མེད་པའི་སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ས་མཉམ་པ་ཉིད་བུ་ཐུགས་སུ་ཆུད་པ།
  • anantamadhyabuddhabhūmisamatādhigataḥ

Mahāvyutpatti 369.

g.­197

Hard to Conquer

  • shin tu sbyang dka’
  • ཤིན་ཏུ་སྦྱང་དཀའ།
  • sudurjayā

The name of a bodhisattva stage.

g.­198

hearer

  • nyan thos
  • ཉན་ཐོས།
  • śrāvaka

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

It is usually defined as “those who hear the teaching from the Buddha and make it heard to others.” Primarily it refers to those disciples of the Buddha who aspire to attain the state of an arhat by seeking self-liberation and nirvāṇa. They are the practitioners of the first turning of the wheel of the Dharma on the four noble truths, who realize the suffering inherent in saṃsāra and focus on understanding that there is no independent self. By conquering disturbing emotions, they liberate themselves, attaining first the stage of stream enterers at the path of seeing, followed by the stage of once-returners who will be reborn only one more time, and then the stage of non-returners who will no longer be reborn into the desire realm. The final goal is to become an arhat. These four stages are also known as the “four results of spiritual practice.”

g.­199

hell being

  • dmyal ba pa
  • དམྱལ་བ་པ།
  • nāraka

Type of being in Buddhist cosmogony.

g.­200

how

  • ji tsam du
  • ཇི་ཙམ་དུ།
  • tāvatā
  • tāvat
  • yāvat

With the meaning of “truly, really, indeed.”

g.­201

hungry ghost

  • yi dags
  • ཡི་དགས།
  • preta

Type of being in Buddhist cosmogony.

g.­202

Illuminating

  • ’od byed pa
  • འོད་བྱེད་པ།
  • prabhākarī

The name of a bodhisattva stage.

g.­203

image

  • gzugs brnyan
  • གཟུགས་བརྙན།
  • pratibimba

Also translated as “reflection.”

g.­204

imaginary

  • kun brtags pa
  • ཀུན་བརྟགས་པ།
  • parikalpita
g.­205

imaginary defining characteristic

  • kun brtags pa’i mtshan nyid
  • ཀུན་བརྟགས་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད།
  • pari­kalpita­lakṣaṇa

The imaginary defining characteristic corresponds to the attribution of an essence, an inherent entity, to that which is by nature dependent on an other (paratantra) to exist or appear as what it is perceived to be.

g.­206

imaginary essence

  • kun brtags pa’i ngo bo nyid
  • kun brtags pa’i rang bzhin
  • ཀུན་བརྟགས་པའི་ངོ་བོ་ཉིད།
  • ཀུན་བརྟགས་པའི་རང་བཞིན།
  • parikalpitasvabhāva
g.­207

imagination

  • kun tu rtog pa
  • ཀུན་ཏུ་རྟོག་པ།
  • saṃkalpa
  • parikalpa
g.­208

Immovable

  • mi g.yo ba
  • མི་གཡོ་བ།
  • acalā

The name of a bodhisattva stage.

g.­209

in accordance with the truth

  • yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du
  • ཡང་དག་པ་ཇི་ལྟ་བ་བཞིན་དུ།
  • yathābhūtam
g.­210

in their own experience

  • nang gi so sor rang rig pa
  • ནང་གི་སོ་སོར་རང་རིག་པ།
  • adhyātmaṃ prātyatmam
g.­211

inconclusive

  • gcig tu ma nges pa
  • གཅིག་ཏུ་མ་ངེས་པ།
  • anaikāntikaḥ
g.­212

inexhaustible

  • mi zad pa
  • ma ’tshal ba
  • མི་ཟད་པ།
  • མ་འཚལ་བ།
  • akṣaya
g.­213

Inexpressible

  • brjod du med
  • བརྗོད་དུ་མེད།
  • anabhilāpya
g.­214

inference

  • rjes su dpag pa’i tshad ma
  • རྗེས་སུ་དཔག་པའི་ཚད་མ།
  • anumānapramāṇa
g.­215

innate

  • lhan cig skyes
  • ལྷན་ཅིག་སྐྱེས།
  • sahaja
g.­216

inner absorption

  • nang du yang dag bzhag
  • ནང་དུ་ཡང་དག་བཞག
  • pratisaṃlāna
g.­217

innermost

  • snying po
  • སྙིང་པོ།
  • —

Lit “heart” or “marrow.”

g.­218

inquiry

  • yongs su tshol ba
  • ཡོངས་སུ་ཚོལ་བ།
  • paryeṣaṇā
g.­219

insight

  • lhag mthong
  • ལྷག་མཐོང་།
  • vipaśyanā

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

An important form of Buddhist meditation focusing on developing insight into the nature of phenomena. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, the other being śamatha.