• The Collection
  • The Kangyur
  • Discourses
  • General Sūtra Section

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https://read.84000.co/data/toh106_84000-unraveling-the-intent.pdf

དགོངས་པ་ངེས་འགྲེལ།

Unraveling the Intent
Chapter 10

Saṃdhi­nirmocana
འཕགས་པ་དགོངས་པ་ངེས་པར་འགྲེལ་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།
’phags pa dgongs pa nges par ’grel pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo
The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra “Unraveling the Intent”
Āryasaṃdhinirmocana­nāmamahāyānasūtra
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Toh 106

Degé Kangyur, vol. 49 (mdo sde, ca), folios 1.b–55.b

Translated by the Buddhavacana Translation Group (Vienna)
under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha

First published 2020
Current version v 1.0.16 (2022)
Generated by 84000 Reading Room v2.17.7

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co.

Table of Contents

ti. Title
im. Imprint
co. Contents
s. Summary
ac. Acknowledgements
i. Introduction
+ 5 sections- 5 sections
· Setting and Summary
· The Context
· Main Points of the Subject Matter
+ 3 sections- 3 sections
· The Basis
· The Path
· The Result
· Source Text and Various Versions
· Translation Issues and Academic Research
+ 5 sections- 5 sections
· 1. Identifying and organizing source texts 
· 2. Evaluating the available translations
· 3. Checking intertextual patterns and delineating the scope of primary sources
· 4. Collating academic research
· 5. Organizing academic resources according to the text structure and specific translation issues
+ 1 section- 1 section
· Translating the text
tr. The Translation
+ 10 chapters- 10 chapters
p. Prologue
1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
3. Chapter 3
4. Chapter 4
5. Chapter 5
6. Chapter 6
7. Chapter 7
8. Chapter 8
9. Chapter 9
10. Chapter 10
ab. Abbreviations
n. Notes
b. Bibliography
+ 2 sections- 2 sections
· Tibetan Sources
+ 1 section- 1 section
· Other Canonical Sources for Samdh.
· Other Sources
g. Glossary

s.

Summary

s.­1

In Unraveling the Intent, the Buddha gives a systematic overview of his three great cycles of teachings, which he refers to in this text as the “three Dharma wheels” (tri­dharma­cakra). In the process of delineating the meaning of these doctrines, the Buddha unravels several difficult points regarding the ultimate and relative truths, the nature of reality, and the contemplative methods conducive to the attainment of complete and perfect awakening, and he also explains what his intent was when he imparted teachings belonging to each of the three Dharma wheels. In unambiguous terms, the third wheel is proclaimed to be of definitive meaning. Through a series of dialogues with hearers and bodhisattvas, the Buddha thus offers a complete and systematic teaching on the Great Vehicle, which he refers to here as the Single Vehicle.


ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

Translation by the Buddhavacana Translation Group.

The text was translated by Gregory Forgues and edited by Casey Kemp. With special thanks to Harunaga Isaacson, Matthew Kapstein, Klaus-Dieter Mathes, Jonathan Silk, Lambert Schmithausen, Tom Tillemans, and William Waldron for their helpful comments and advice.

The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.


ac.­2

The generous sponsorship of Qiang Li (李强) and Ya Wen (文雅), which helped make the work on this translation possible, is most gratefully acknowledged.


i.

Introduction

Setting and Summary

i.­1

In Unraveling the Intent, the Buddha gives a systematic overview of his three great cycles of teachings, which he refers to in this text as the “three Dharma wheels” (tri­dharma­cakra). In the process of delineating the meaning of these doctrines, the Buddha unravels several difficult points regarding the ultimate and relative truths, the nature of reality, and the contemplative methods conducive to the attainment of complete and perfect awakening, and he also explains what his intent was when he imparted teachings belonging to each of the three Dharma wheels. Through a series of dialogues with hearers and bodhisattvas, the Buddha thus offers a complete and systematic teaching on the Great Vehicle, which he refers to here as the Single Vehicle .

The Context

Main Points of the Subject Matter

The Basis

The Path

The Result

Source Text and Various Versions

Translation Issues and Academic Research

1. Identifying and organizing source texts 

2. Evaluating the available translations

3. Checking intertextual patterns and delineating the scope of primary sources

4. Collating academic research

5. Organizing academic resources according to the text structure and specific translation issues

Translating the text


The Translation
The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra
Unraveling the Intent

p.

Prologue

[F.1.b]


Homage to all buddhas and bodhisattvas!


p.­1

Thus have I heard at one time. The Blessed One was dwelling in an unfathomable palace, built with the blazing seven precious substances,34 that emitted35 great light rays suffusing countless universes.36 Each of its rooms was well arranged and its design was infinite. It was the undivided maṇḍala, the domain transcending the three worlds. Arising from the supreme roots of virtue of the one who transcends the world,37 it was characterized by the perfectly pure cognition of the one who has achieved complete mastery.38 Abode of the Tathāgata where the assembly of innumerable bodhisattvas gathered, it was attended by countless gods, nāgas, [F.2.a] yakṣas, gandharvas, demigods, garuḍas, kinnaras, mahoragas, humans, and nonhumans. Supported by the great joy and bliss of savoring the Dharma and designed to accomplish the complete welfare of all beings, it was free of any harm caused by the stains of afflictions and clear of any demon. Surpassing all manifestations, this unfathomable palace was displayed by the sovereign power of the Tathāgata. Mindfulness, intelligence, and realization were its pathway;39 mental stillness and insight were the vehicle leading to it; the great gates of liberation‍—emptiness, appearancelessness, and wishlessness‍—were its entrance. It was set on foundations adorned with an infinite accumulation of excellent qualities, which were like great kings of jeweled lotuses.40


1.

Chapter 1

1.­1

At that time, the bodhisattva Vidhi­vatpari­pṛcchaka questioned the bodhisattva Gam­bhīrārtha­saṃdhi­nirmo­cana on the ultimate whose defining characteristic is inexpressible and nondual:53 “O son of the Victorious One, when it is said that all phenomena are nondual, what are these phenomena? In what way are they nondual?”

Gam­bhīrārtha­saṃdhi­nirmo­cana replied, “Noble son, all phenomena, what we refer to as all phenomena, are of just two kinds: conditioned and unconditioned. With respect to these, the conditioned is neither conditioned nor unconditioned. The unconditioned is neither unconditioned nor conditioned.”


2.

Chapter 2

2.­1

Then the bodhisattva Dharmodgata spoke these words: “Blessed One, very long ago in ancient times, beyond as many universes as there are grains of sand in seventy-seven Ganges rivers, I was residing in the world Kīrtimat of the tathāgata Viśālakīrti. There I saw 7,700,000 non-Buddhists, together with their teachers, who had gathered in one place to consider the ultimate defining characteristic of phenomena.65 [F.5.b] Although they had examined, analyzed, investigated, and considered in detail the ultimate defining characteristic of phenomena, they did not understand it. They had changing opinions, lacked certainty, and were slow-witted as well as argumentative. Insulting one another with harsh words, they became abusive, agitated, unprincipled, and violent. Then, Blessed One, I thought to myself, ‘This is so sad, and yet, how marvelous, how wonderful are the manifestations of the tathāgatas in the world and, through their manifestations, the realization and actualization of the ultimate whose defining characteristic is beyond all speculation!’ ”66


3.

Chapter 3

3.­1

Then the bodhisattva Su­viśuddha­mati addressed the Blessed One, “Blessed One, at an earlier time, you spoke these words: ‘The ultimate is subtle and profound. Characterized as transcending what is distinct or indistinct74 [from conditioned phenomena], it is difficult to understand.’ How wonderful indeed are these words of yours! Blessed One, regarding this point, I once saw many bodhisattvas who, having attained the stage of engagement through aspiration,75 assembled in one place to discuss in the following way whether conditioned phenomena and the ultimate are distinct or indistinct. Among them, some declared, ‘The defining characteristic of conditioned phenomena and the defining characteristic of the ultimate are indistinct.’76 Others replied, ‘It is not the case that the defining characteristic of conditioned phenomena and the defining characteristic of the ultimate are indistinct, for they are distinct indeed.’ [F.7.a] Some others, who were perplexed and lacked certainty, said, ‘Some pretend that the defining characteristic of conditioned phenomena and the defining characteristic of the ultimate are distinct. Some pretend that they are indistinct. Which bodhisattvas speak the truth? Which speak falsity? Which are mistaken? Which are not?’ Blessed One, I thought to myself, ‘So, none of these noble sons understands the ultimate whose subtle defining characteristic transcends whether it is distinct or indistinct from conditioned phenomena. These bodhisattvas are truly77 naive, confused, dull, unskilled, and mistaken.’ ”


4.

Chapter 4

4.­1

Then the Blessed One spoke these words to Subhūti: “Subhūti, do you know how many beings in the world90 display their knowledge91 under the influence of conceit? Do you know how many beings in the world display their knowledge without conceit?”

Subhūti answered, “Blessed One, according to my knowledge, there are only a few in the world of beings who present their knowledge without conceit, but countless, innumerable, and inexpressible in number are those who do so under its influence. Blessed One, at one time I was staying in a hermitage set in a great forest. There were many monks living in the vicinity who had also established themselves there. At sunrise, I saw them gather together. They showed their knowledge and revealed their understanding by taking various aspects of phenomena as referential objects.92


5.

Chapter 5

5.­1

Then, the bodhisattva Viśālamati asked the Blessed One, “Blessed One, when bodhisattvas who are skilled in the secrets of mind, thought, and cognition are called ‘skilled in the secrets of mind, thought, and cognition,’ what does it mean?101 When they are designated in this way, what does it refer to?”

The Blessed One answered, “Viśālamati, you are asking this for the benefit and happiness of many beings, out of compassion for the world, and for the welfare, benefit, and happiness of all beings, including gods and humans. Your intention is excellent when questioning the Tathāgata on this specific point. Therefore, listen, Viśālamati. I will explain to you in which way bodhisattvas are skilled in the secrets of mind, thought, and cognition.


6.

Chapter 6

6.­1

Then, the bodhisattva Guṇākara asked the Blessed One, “Blessed One, when bodhisattvas who are skilled in the defining characteristics of phenomena are called ‘skilled in the defining characteristics of phenomena,’ what does it mean? Moreover, when the Tathāgata designates them as such, what does it refer to?”

6.­2

The Blessed One replied to the bodhisattva Guṇākara, “Guṇākara, for the benefit and happiness of many beings, out of compassion for the world, for the welfare, benefit, and happiness of all beings, including gods and humans, you are asking this. Your intention is excellent when questioning the Tathāgata on this specific point. Therefore, listen, Guṇākara, I will explain to you in which way bodhisattvas are skilled in the defining characteristics of phenomena.


7.

Chapter 7

7.­1

At that time, the bodhisattva Para­mārtha­samud­gata asked the Blessed One, “Blessed One, when I was alone in a secluded place, I had the following thought: ‘The Blessed One also spoke in many ways of the defining characteristic specific to the five aggregates, mentioning the defining characteristic of their arising, disintegration, abandonment, and comprehension.137 In the same way, he spoke of the twelve sense domains, dependent arising, and the four kinds of sustenance. The Blessed One also spoke in many ways of the defining characteristic of the four noble truths, mentioning the comprehension of suffering, the abandoning of the cause of suffering, the actualization of the cessation of suffering, and the practice of the path. The Blessed One also spoke in many ways of the defining characteristic specific to the eighteen constituents, mentioning their varieties, manifoldness, abandonment, and comprehension. The Blessed One also spoke in many ways of the defining characteristic specific to the four applications of mindfulness, mentioning their adverse factors, antidotes, practice, their arising from being non-arisen, their remaining after they arose, and their maintaining, resuming, or increasing. Similarly, he also spoke in many ways of the defining characteristic specific to the four correct self-restraints, the four bases of supernatural powers, the five faculties, the five forces, and the seven branches of awakening. [F.16.b] The Blessed One also spoke in many ways of the defining characteristic specific to the eight branches of the path, mentioning their adverse factors, antidotes, and practices, their arising from being non-arisen and remaining after they arose, and their maintaining, resuming, or increasing.’


8.

Chapter 8

8.­1

Then, the bodhisattva Maitreya asked a question to the Blessed One, “Blessed One, when bodhisattvas practice mental stillness and insight in the Great Vehicle, what is their support and basis?”

The Blessed One answered, “Maitreya, their support and basis are the discourses teaching Dharma and the constant aspiration to attain the unsurpassable, complete and perfect awakening.

8.­2

“The Blessed One taught that four things are the referential objects of mental stillness and insight: the image with conceptualization; the image without conceptualization; the point where phenomena end; and the accomplishment of the goal.”


9.

Chapter 9

9.­1

Then the bodhisattva Avaloki­teśvara addressed the Blessed One, “Blessed One, the ten stages of the bodhisattva are called (1) Utmost Joy, (2) Stainless, (3) Illuminating, (4) Radiant, (5) Hard to Conquer, (6) Manifest, (7) Far Reaching, (8) Immovable, (9) Excellent Intelligence, and (10) Cloud of Dharma. When taken together with the eleventh, [called] Buddha Stage, in how many kinds of purification and subdivisions are they included?”


10.

Chapter 10

10.­1

Then the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī addressed the Blessed One, “Blessed One, when you mention ‘the truth body of the tathāgatas,’ what is the defining characteristic of this truth body of the tathāgatas?”

The Blessed One answered, “Mañjuśrī, the truth body of the tathāgatas is characterized when one has fully achieved a shift in one’s basis of existence, the emergence [from cyclic existence] through the practice of the stages and the perfections.308 Because of the two [following] reasons, you should know that this truth body is characterized by inconceivability: (1) it is beyond mental elaborations and is not produced by intentional action,309 (2) while beings are fixated on mental elaborations and produced by intentional action.”

10.­2

“Blessed One, is the shift in the hearers’ and solitary realizers’ basis of existence also designated as the truth body?”

“Mañjuśrī, it is not.”

“Blessed One, how should it be called?”

“Mañjuśrī, it should be called the liberation body.310 With regard to the liberation body, the tathāgatas are similar and equal to the hearers and solitary realizers, but, on account of the truth body, they are distinctively superior to them. This being so, they are also distinctively superior to them in terms of the distinctively immeasurable aspect of their positive qualities. This is not easy to illustrate with examples.”

10.­3

“Blessed One, how should we consider those who have the characteristic of manifesting themselves through the birth of a tathāgata?”

“Mañjuśrī, those who have the characteristic of the emanation body311 resemble those who manifest in the world realms. You should see them as those whose characteristic is to be established by the sovereign power312 of the buddhas, being fully adorned with the ornaments of the tathāgatas’ qualities. The truth body does not have this manifestation of arising.”

10.­4

“Blessed One, how should we consider the skillful means employed by the emanation body [for the sake of liberating beings from cyclic existence]?”313 [F.49.b]

“Mañjuśrī, being conceived in a family renowned to be powerful or honorable in all the buddha fields of the trichiliocosm, taking birth, growing up, enjoying desirous objects, leaving home, displaying immediately the practice of austerities, renouncing them, and displaying all the stages of the complete and perfect awakening should be considered as the skillful means of the emanation body.”

“Blessed One, through which teachings emanating from their sovereign power do the tathāgatas bring to maturity those spiritually immature beings who have been converted? How do they liberate spiritually mature beings by means of the very referential object [taught in the Great Vehicle]?”

“Mañjuśrī, they bring them to maturity through three teachings: the sūtras, the Vinaya, and the mātṛkās.”

10.­5

“Blessed One, what are the sūtras, the Vinaya, and the mātṛkās?”

“Mañjuśrī, it is like this: sūtras are teachings that gather the subject matter of various Dharma methods in four, nine, or twenty-nine topics.

1. “What are the four topics? They are (i) what was heard, (ii) taking refuge, (iii) the training, and (iv) the awakening.

2. “What are the nine topics? They are (i) concepts of sentient beings, (ii) their possessions, (iii) their birth, (iv) their existence after birth, (v) their affliction and purification, (vi) their diversity, (vii) the teacher, (viii) the teaching, and (ix) the assembly.

3. “What are the twenty-nine topics? They are the topics related to affliction: (i) [the phenomena] included in the conditioned, (ii) their progressive activity, (iii) the cause of their arising in future lives once they have been conceptualized as a person, and (iv) the cause of their arising in future lives once they have been conceptualized as phenomena.

“They are also the topics related to purification: [F.50.a] (v) the referential objects that are taken as reference points;314 (vi) the exertion in [the practice of] these very [objects]; (vii) mental abiding;315 (viii) blissful abiding in this very life; (ix) the referential objects that liberate from all suffering; (x) the three kinds of comprehension, which are the comprehension of the basis of error, the comprehension of the basis of error with respect to beings’ conceptions for nonpractitioners, and the comprehension of the basis of humility for those who practice Dharma; (xi) the basis of practice; (xii) the actualization [of practice];316 (xiii) the practice; (xiv) [the practice] as the central activity; (xv) its aspects; (xvi) its referential objects; (xvii) the skills in the investigation of what has already been eliminated and what not yet been eliminated; (xviii) [the factors] that are distractions from practice; (xix) [the factors] that are not distractions from practice; (xx) the source of nondistraction; (xxi) the yoga of clear mindfulness317 that is protected by318 the practice; (xxii) the benefit of practice; (xxiii) its stability; (xiv) the unification with the lord of the noble [practice]; (xv) the unification with its retinue and entourage; (xxvi) the realization of true reality; (xxvii) the attainment of nirvāṇa; (xxviii) the fact that the well-expounded Dharma and Vinaya are superior to the correct views of mundane beings and all nonpractitioners; and (xxix) the impairments resulting from not practicing. Thus, Mañjuśrī, without practicing the well-expounded Dharma and Vinaya, impairments will ensue, and this is not because one has faulty views.

10.­6

“Mañjuśrī, the Vinaya is my teaching on prātimokṣa for hearers and bodhisattvas, as well as that which is associated with it.” [F.50.b]

“Blessed One, how many topics are included in [the teaching on the] prātimokṣa of bodhisattvas?”

“Mañjuśrī, there are seven topics: (1) the teachings on the ceremony of taking [the vows of the bodhisattva discipline], (2) the teachings on the basis of serious downfalls,319 (3) the teachings on the basis of transgressions, (4) the teachings on the nature of transgressions, (5) the teachings on the nature of what are not transgressions, (6) the teachings on the emergence from transgressions, and (7) the teachings on the abandonment of the vows.

10.­7

“Mañjuśrī, the mātṛkās are the teachings that I imparted and categorized into eleven topics. What are these eleven topics? They are (1) the defining characteristic of the conventional, (2) the defining characteristic of the ultimate, (3) the defining characteristic of referential objects consisting of the awakening factors, (4) the defining characteristic of their features; (5) the defining characteristic of the[ir] nature, (6) the defining characteristic of their result, (7) the defining characteristic of the description of the experience of them, (8) the defining characteristic of the factors disrupting them,320 (9) the defining characteristic of the factors conducive to them, (10) the defining characteristic of the defects related to them, and (11) the defining characteristic of their benefit.

1. “Mañjuśrī, consider that the defining characteristic of the conventional has three subtopics: (1) the teaching on persons, (2) the teaching on the imaginary nature, and (3) the teaching on the activity, movement, and action of phenomena.

2. “Consider the defining characteristic of the ultimate in terms of the teaching on the seven aspects of true reality.321

3. “Consider the defining characteristic of referential objects in terms of the teaching on all the things corresponding to cognitive objects.

4. “Consider the defining characteristic of [their] features in terms of the teaching on the eight features of the analysis of cognitive objects. What are these eight? They are (i) the truth of cognitive objects, (ii) their determination,322 (iii) their faults, (iv) their positive qualities, (v) the methods for analyzing, (vi) the processes related to them, (vii) the principles of reason, and (viii) the condensed and extensive presentations of cognitive objects.

i. “With respect to these eight points, the truth of cognitive objects is true reality.

ii. “The determination of cognitive objects consists in establishing the person or the imaginary essence [F.51.a] or in establishing categorical, analytical, interrogative, and dismissive answers as well as secret instructions.323

iii. “The faults of cognitive objects are the defects of phenomena related to affliction, which I have taught in several ways.

iv. “The positive qualities of cognitive objects are the benefits arising from phenomena related to purification, which I have taught in several ways.

v. “The methods for analyzing cognitive objects includes six points: (a) the method for analyzing the meaning of true reality; (b) the method for analyzing attainments; (c) the method for analyzing explanations; (d) the method for analyzing the elimination of the two extremes; (e) the method for analyzing the inconceivable; and (f) the method for analyzing the underlying intention.

vi. “The processes related to cognitive objects are the three times, the three defining characteristics of the conditioned, and the four conditions.

vii. “There are four principles of reason in the analysis of cognitive objects: (a) the principle of reason based on dependence, (b) the principle of reason based on cause and effect, (c) the principle of reason based on logical proof, and (d) the principle of reason based on the nature of phenomena itself.

a. “The arising of conditioned phenomena and the causes for their being expressed through conventions, as well as related causal conditions, constitute the principle of reason based on dependence.

b. “The causes that will bring about a result,324 a completion, or an action once phenomena have arisen, as well as related causal conditions, constitute the principle of reason based on cause and effect.

c. “The causes establishing the meaning and bringing about the valid understanding of the thesis,325 the demonstration, and the statement of a proof, as well as related causal conditions, constitute the principle of reason based on logical proof.326 This logical proof is, moreover, of two kinds: valid and invalid. Among these, five are characterized as valid327 and seven as invalid. What are the five logical proofs characterized as valid? They are the logical proofs characterized by (I) a perception that is a direct cognition of the thing to establish,328 (II) a perception that is a direct cognition of something existing in dependence on the thing to establish,329 (III) a demonstration through an instance belonging to the same class,330 [F.51.b] (IV) an actual demonstration, and (V) a citation from a valid scripture.331

“With regard to those five logical proofs:

I. “The logical proof characterized by the perception that is a direct cognition of the thing to establish consists [for example] in perceiving through a direct cognition that all conditioned phenomena are impermanent, suffering, and without a self as well as anything conforming to this.332

II. “The logical proof characterized by a direct cognition of something existing in dependence on the thing to establish consists in inferring something not directly perceptible by means of something333 [directly perceptible], as well as in anything conforming to this, [for example], (A) the perception as a direct cognition of the principle of impermanence that exists in dependence on the things to establish, [namely,] the momentariness of all conditioned phenomena, the existence of a next life, and the consequence of good and bad deeds;334 (B) the perception as direct cognition of the diversity of beings that exists in dependence on the thing to establish, [namely,] the diversity of karma; or (C) the direct cognition of the happiness and suffering of beings that exists in dependence on the things to establish, [namely,] virtue and nonvirtue].335

III. “You should know that the logical proof characterized by a demonstration through an instance belonging to the same class of phenomena336 consists in anything conforming to this, [for example] in the demonstration of external and internal conditioned phenomena through (A) the perception of death and rebirth, being born and other forms of suffering,337 and causal dependence,338 which are established as facts in all worlds or (B) the perception of wealth and misery, which are established as facts in all worlds, including those of future lives.339

IV. “Thus, you should know that a logical proof characterized by one of the three proofs mentioned above340 is an actual demonstration because it is conclusive with respect to the thing that must be established.

V. “Mañjuśrī, you should know that the logical proof characterized by a citation from a valid scripture consists in the words taught by quoting the omniscient ones, such as ‘Nirvāṇa is peace’ and other similar statements. [F.52.a]

“Therefore, on account of these five kinds of characteristics, an analysis of cognitive objects founded on the principle of reason based on logical proof is valid.341 Because such an analysis is valid, you should rely on it.”

“Blessed One, how many qualities do those we should consider as having the defining characteristics of the omniscient tathāgatas have?”

“Mañjuśrī, they have five qualities: (A) wherever they manifest, they are renowned in this world for their omniscience; (B) they have the thirty-two marks of a great being; (C) by means of their ten powers, they eliminate all qualms affecting beings; (D) the words of the Dharma they teach through the four kinds of assurance cannot be refuted or disputed by any opponent; (E) on the basis of their Dharma and Vinaya, the eightfold noble path as well as the four noble truths manifest for those who have renounced cyclic existence.342 Thus, you should know that their manifestation, marks, elimination of doubts, freedom from refutations and disputes, and support [for those who have renounced cyclic existence] constitute the defining characteristic of the omniscient tathāgatas.

“Thus, the principle of reason based on logical proof is valid on account of the five characteristics included within these valid cognitions: direct cognitions, inferences, and authoritative scriptures.343

“What are the seven logical proofs characterized as invalid? They are the logical proofs characterized by (I) a perception that conforms with something other than the thing to be established,344 (II) a perception that does not conform with anything other than the thing to establish,345 (III) a perception that conforms with all things,346 (IV) a perception that does not conform with anything,347 (V) a demonstration through an instance belonging to a different class of phenomena,348 (VI) a demonstration that is not actually demonstrating anything, and (VII) a citation drawn from an invalid scripture.

“The logical proof characterized by a perception that does not conform with anything349 is ascertained when the defining characteristics of the proof and the premise do not conform with one another because they are incompatible in terms of reason, essence, karma, quality, or cause and effect.350 [F.52.b]

“Mañjuśrī, the logical proof characterized by a perception that does not conform with anything351 is comprised by the logical proof characterized by a perception that conforms with something other than the thing to be established352 and similar instances. This proof is therefore inconclusive with respect to the thing to establish.353 This is called an unestablished logical proof.354

“Moreover, the logical proof characterized by a perception that conforms with all things355 is comprised by the logical proof characterized by a perception that does not conform with anything other than the thing to establish356 and similar instances. This proof is therefore inconclusive with respect to the thing to establish. This is also called an unestablished logical proof.357

“Because these logical proofs are not established, the analysis is invalid according to the principle of reason based on logical proof. Since this analysis is invalid, you should not rely on it. You should know that the logical proof characterized by a citation from an invalid scripture is invalid by nature.

d. “Whether tathāgatas manifest or not, the constancy of the domain of truth, the nature of phenomena, on account of the constancy of phenomena, constitutes the principle of reason based on the nature of phenomena.358

viii. “The condensed and the extensive presentation of cognitive objects consists of first summarizing, then analyzing words and sections of the teaching, and finally concluding the explanation.

5. “The defining characteristic of the nature of awakening factors consists in the apprehension of a referential object together with its aspects, as I have taught, such as the awakening factors, the four applications of mindfulness, and so on.

6. “The defining characteristic of their result is the accomplishment of their result, the mundane and supramundane positive qualities, by abandoning the defilements associated with the mundane or the supramundane phenomena.

7. “The defining characteristic of accounts telling how one experiences them as one proclaims them, explains them, and correctly teach them to others is the analytical knowledge of the gnosis359 that liberates within true reality.

8. “The defining characteristic of the factors disrupting them is the afflicted phenomenon in the form of an obstacle to the practice of these very awakening factors. [F.53.a]

9. “The defining characteristic of the factors conducive to them is the phenomenon useful to [enhancing] them.

10.” The defining characteristic of defects related to them is the fault interrupting them.

11. “Mañjuśrī, you should know that the defining characteristic of their benefit consists in their corresponding positive qualities.”

10.­8

Then, the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī further said to the Blessed One, “Blessed One, please explain the meaning of the formula through which bodhisattvas comply with the underlying intention360 of the profound Dharma expounded by the tathāgatas, the complete meaning of the sūtras, the Vinaya, and the mātṛkās that is not known by those not following you.”

“Mañjuśrī, listen. I will explain to you the complete meaning of the formula so that bodhisattvas will in this way understand my underlying intention. Mañjuśrī, the possessors of qualities resulting from affliction and purification361 are all without movement and without a person. This is why I taught that all phenomena are in every respect beyond activity. It is not the case that the possessors of qualities resulting from affliction first became afflicted and will then become purified from these afflictions or that the possessors of qualities resulting from purification have become purified from afflictions they previously acquired. Thus, foolish ordinary beings rely on views resulting from their latent dispositions, on account of which they wrongly conceive the body afflicted by corruption as the essence of phenomena and persons. As a consequence, reifying [the ego through concepts such as] ‘I’ and ‘mine,’ they mistakenly conceive of the following notions: ‘I see,’ ‘I hear,’ ‘I smell,’ ‘I taste,’ ‘I touch,’ ‘I am conscious,’ ‘I eat,’ ‘I do,’ ‘I am afflicted,’ and ‘I am purified.’ [F.53.b]

“Thus, those who understand this fact as it really is abandon the body afflicted by corruption and instead obtain the body that is not a support for any defilement, being pure, free from mental elaborations, unconditioned, and unproduced by intentional action. Mañjuśrī, you should know that this is the complete meaning of the formula.”

Then, at that moment, the Blessed One spoke these verses:

“The possessors of qualities resulting from affliction and purification
Are all without movement362 and without a person;
Therefore, I declare them to be without activity,
As they are neither purified nor afflicted, be it in the past or the future.
“Relying on views resulting from their latent dispositions,
On account of which they wrongly conceive the body afflicted by corruption,
They reify [the ego through concepts such as] ‘I’ and ‘mine.’
As a consequence, notions arise, such as ‘I see,’ ‘I eat,’ ‘I do,’ ‘I am afflicted,’ and ‘I am purified.’
“Thus, those who understand this fact as it really is
Abandon the body afflicted by corruption
And instead will obtain a body that is not a basis for any defilement,
Being free from mental elaborations and unconditioned.”363
10.­9

“Blessed One, how should we know the defining characteristic of the arising of the tathāgatas’ mind?”

“Mañjuśrī, tathāgatas are not characterized by mind, thought, or cognition.364 However, you should know that, similar to an emanation,365 the tathāgatas’ mind arises in the way of something that is not produced by intentional action.”

“Blessed One, if the truth body of the tathāgatas is not produced at all by intentional action, how then could their mind arise without being produced by intentional action?”366

“Mañjuśrī, their mind arises on account of a previous intentional action, namely, the practice of skillful means and wisdom. Mañjuśrī, it is like this: although awakening from a state of sleep in which there is no thought ensues [spontaneously] without resulting from intentional action, [F.54.a] one will awaken due to previous intentional actions. Although the emergence from the absorption in the state of cessation is not produced by intentional action, one will emerge from it merely due to previous intentional actions. Just as the mind arises from a state of sleep or from the absorption in the state of cessation, you should know that the tathāgatas’ mind also arises due to previous intentional actions such as the practice of skillful means and wisdom.”

“Blessed One, should we say that the mind emanated by tathāgatas exists or not?”

“Mañjuśrī, [their] mind neither exists nor does not exist, because it is causally independent and causally dependent.”367

“Blessed One, what is the sphere of activity of the tathāgatas? What is the domain368 of the tathāgatas? Should we consider these two as distinct?”

“Mañjuśrī, the sphere of activity of the tathāgatas consists in the pure buddha realms, the arrayed ornaments of inconceivable and boundless positive qualities common to all tathāgatas. The domain of the tathāgatas comprises five domains: the domain of the surrounding universe, the domain of beings, the domain of Dharma, the domain of discipline, and the domain of methods of discipline.369 There is a distinction between the two.”

10.­10

“Blessed One, how should we understand the defining characteristic of the tathāgatas’ complete and perfect awakening, of their turning of the wheel of Dharma, and of their great parinirvāṇa?”

“Mañjuśrī, the tathāgatas are characterized by nonduality.370 They are neither completely and perfectly awakened nor not completely and perfectly awakened; [F.54.b] they neither turn the wheel of Dharma nor do not turn the wheel of Dharma; they neither [attain] the great parinirvāṇa nor do not attain the great parinirvāṇa. This is because the truth body is utterly pure and the emanation body constantly manifests.”

“Blessed One, why should we consider that the merit produced by beings on account of seeing, hearing, or serving the tathāgatas’ emanation body arises from the tathāgatas?”

“Mañjuśrī, it is because these activities consist in taking a superior referential object thanks to the tathāgatas, and also because the emanation body is the tathāgatas’ sovereign power.”

“Blessed One, since this does not seem to be produced by intentional action, why is it that the great light of gnosis manifests in beings solely through the truth body of the tathāgatas and that innumerable emanated reflections also manifest [as the tathāgatas’ emanation body], while this light and its reflections do not manifest from the hearers’ and solitary realizers’ liberation body?”

“Mañjuśrī, while this does not seem to be produced by intentional action, on account of the power of very strong beings and the force of beings’ karma, a great light manifests to beings from water and fire crystals produced from the disks of the moon and sun. However, it does not manifest from water and fire crystals produced from other sources. From a precious gem that has been well polished through [intentional] action, reflections corresponding to its engraving manifest [when it is placed before a light source]. However, they do not manifest from another unpolished gem. Likewise, because the truth body of the tathāgatas also is established by having been purified through the practice of skillful means and insight focusing on the immeasurable domain of truth, [F.55.a] the great light of gnosis manifests in beings, and innumerable emanated reflections arise. However, they do not manifest from the hearers’ and solitary realizers’ liberation body.”

10.­11

“Blessed One, you said that, through the force of the tathāgatas’ and bodhisattvas’ sovereign power, one can obtain an excellent body in the realm of desire, such as that of a warrior or a brahman, a body that is like a great sāla tree, or the excellent body of a god residing in the realm of desire, the realm of form, or the realm of the formless. Blessed One, what was your underlying intention with regard to this?”

“Mañjuśrī, by means of their sovereign power, tathāgatas teach as they are the path and practices through which one obtains all these excellent bodies. Those accomplishing these path and practices will always obtain all these perfect bodies, while those who reject or denigrate these path and practices, as well as those who have animosity or resentment toward them, will always obtain all kinds of miserable bodies upon their death. Mañjuśrī, on account of this skillful means, you should know in this way that, because of the sovereign power of the tathāgatas, one will be reborn in a perfect body as well as in a miserable one.”

10.­12

“Blessed One, in the universes that are impure and pure, what is abundant? What is rare?”

“Mañjuśrī, in the universes that are impure, [F.55.b] eight things are abundant and two are rare. Abundant are (1) followers of traditions other than mine; (2) suffering beings; (3) beings who are different in terms of lineages, families, and communities or wealth and poverty; (4) beings engaging into wrongdoing; (5) beings who have lost their discipline; (6) beings in bad destinies; (7) followers of inferior vehicles; and (8) bodhisattvas with inferior intentions and practices. Rare are (1) the actions of bodhisattvas having superior intentions and practices and (2) the manifestation of tathāgatas.

“Mañjuśrī, in the universes that are pure, it is the opposite of this. You should know that these eight things are rare and these two things abundant.”

Then, the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī asked the Blessed One, “Blessed One, what is the name of the teaching imparted in this Dharma discourse that unravels the Tathāgata’s intent? How should I keep it in mind?”

The Blessed One answered, “Mañjuśrī, this is a teaching of definitive meaning establishing the deeds of the tathāgatas. Keep it in mind as The Teaching of Definitive Meaning Establishing the Deeds of the Tathāgatas. As the Blessed One expounded this teaching, seventy-five thousand bodhisattvas obtained the perfect analytical knowledge of the truth body.

After the Blessed One had spoken these words, the prince Mañjuśrī together with the entire retinue of gods, humans, demigods, and gandharvas rejoiced and praised the words of the Blessed One.

The [tenth chapter of the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī] called “The Chapter Establishing the Positive Qualities [of the Tathāgatas]” of [the sūtra of] the Great Vehicle called “Unraveling the Intent” is concluded.


ab.

Abbreviations

Bd Bardan (Zanskar) canonical collection
C Choné xylograph Kangyur
Cbeta Chinese Electronic Buddhist Association, (www.cbeta.org)
Cz Chizhi Kangyur
D Degé xylograph Kangyur
Dd Dodedrak Kangyur
Dk Dongkarla Kangyur
Do Dolpo canonical collection
F Phukdrak manuscript Kangyur
Go Gondhla (Lahaul) canonical collection
Gt Gangteng Kangyur
H Lhasa xylograph Kangyur
He Hemis I Kangyur
J ’jang sa tham/Lithang xylograph Kangyur
Kʙ Berlin manuscript Kangyur
Kǫ774 Peking 1737 xylograph Kangyur
L London (Shelkar) manuscript Kangyur
Lg Lang mdo Kangyur
Mvyut Mahāvyutpatti
N Narthang xylograph Kangyur
Ng Namgyal Kangyur
Np Neyphug Kangyur
O Tawang Kangyur
Pj Phajoding I Kangyur
Pz Phajoding II Kangyur
R Ragya Kangyur
S Stok manuscript Kangyur
Saṃdh. Saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtra
Saṃdhdh Dunhuang manuscript: Stein Tib. n°194 (49 folios) and Stein Tib. n°683 (1 folio) (Hakamaya 1984–1987)
T Tokyo manuscript Kangyur
Taishō 676 解深密經, translated by Xuanzang (596–664 ᴄᴇ)
TrBh Sthiramati’s Triṃśikāvijñaptibhāṣyam
U Urga xylograph Kangyur
V Ulaanbaatar manuscript Kangyur
VD Degé; xylograph of the Viniścaya­saṃ­grahaṇī of the Yogācāra­bhūmi from the Tengyur
VG Golden; xylograph of the Viniścaya­saṃ­grahaṇī of the Yogācāra­bhūmi from the Tengyur
VP Peking; xylograph of the Viniścaya­saṃ­grahaṇī of the Yogācāra­bhūmi from the Tengyur
VinSg Viniścaya­saṃ­grahaṇī of the Yogācāra­bhūmi
X Basgo manuscript Kangyur
YBht P ’i Tibetan translation of Acarya Asanga’s Yogācāra­bhūmi from the Peking Tengyur (n°. 5540, sems-tsam, ’i 143aI-382a5 (vol. I l l : 121-217)
Z Shey Palace manuscript Kangyur

n.

Notes

n.­1
See glossary entry “ultimate.”
n.­2
See Brunnhölzl 2018, p. 1590, n. 89 on this point.
n.­3
The numbering of paragraphs of the Saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtra follows Lamotte’s critical edition.
n.­4
See Radich 2007, p. 1257 on the relationship between āśraya­parivṛtti and dauṣṭhulyakāya. Saṃdh. is the only text in the entire Kangyur in which the term dauṣṭhulyakāya is found.
n.­5
In bold are textual resources I used to translate the text into English.
n.­6
See Powers 2015. Unfortunately, I haven’t been able to consult this reference work at the time of completing this translation.
n.­7
Here is a list of the sigla I used to identify the various witnesses of Saṃdh.:
(1) Witnesses of the sūtra found in the available Kangyurs and canonical collections (MsK = manuscript Kangyur, PK = xylograph): Kʙ: Berlin MsK, C: Choné PK, Cz: Chizhi, D: Degé PK, Dd: Dodedrak, Dk: Dongkarla, F: Phukdrag MsK, H: Lhasa PK, Gt: Gangteng, He: Hemis I, J: ’jang sa tham/Lithang PK, L: London (Shelkar) MsK, Lg: Lang mdo, N: Narthang PK, Ng: Namgyal, Np: Neyphug, O: Tawang, Pj: Phajoding I, Pz: Phajoding II, Kǫ: Peking 1737 PK, R: Ragya, S: Stok MsK, T: Tokyo MsK, U: Urga PK, V: Ulaanbaatar MsK, W: Wangli supplement, X: Basgo MsK, Z: Shey Palace MsK. Other canonical collections: Ba: Basgo fragments (Ladakh), Bd: Bardan (Zanskar), Go: Gondhla (Lahaul), Do: Dolpo. Source: https://www.istb.univie.ac.at/kanjur/rktsneu/sub/index.php (last accessed on July 20, 2020). I am following the typology of Kangyur groups suggested by rKTs (Vienna University). I would like to warmly thank Professor Helmut Tauscher and Bruno Lainé for making available to me the editions I used for this translation project. For a general discussion of some Tibetan sources, see Skilling 1994, p. 775.
(2) Xylographs of the Viniścaya­saṃ­grahaṇī of the Yogācāra­bhūmi from the Tengyur: VD Degé, VG Golden, VP Peking. My thanks go to Kojirō Katō for having shared with me the bibliographical detail of these witnesses. The Viniścaya­saṃ­grahaṇī is also available in Chinese under the following title: 瑜伽師地論卷第七十六攝決擇分.
n.­8
For the reference of possible additional folios, see Chayet 2005, p. 67 (n°615‍—1 folio, n°590‍—6 folios).
n.­34
rin po che sna bdun does not refer to jewels only, as found in Lamotte (1935) and Keenan (2000). I follow here Powers (1995), Cornu (2005), and Cleary (1999).
n.­35
The logical subject of ’jig rten gyi khams dpag tu med pa rgyas par ’gengs pa’i ’od zer chen po shin tu mnga’ ba is the palace (khang). Cornu (2005) and Keenan (2000) seem to read this phrase as a qualifier for the seven precious substances.
n.­36
The first paragraph of the nidāna is a presentation of the place where the Buddha is dwelling. As already mentioned in the introduction, a succession of compounds, mainly bahuvrīhis, enables the topicalization of the temple (khang). Lamotte’s translation reflects this literary device, contrary to Powers who does not topicalize the palace to the same degree on account of some ambiguities regarding the logical subject of a few clauses describing this palace. To illustrate this point, it seems unclear whether the adjectives “steadfast,” “enduring,” or “free” in Powers’ translation qualify the temple or the beings attending it. Cornu mainly follows Powers here but the grammatical necessity to indicate the gender and number of qualifiers in French limits the risk of confusion, which is obviously not the case in English. Regarding the usage of tenses, Lamotte is the only translator who uses both narrative past and present in this first paragraph. He thus switches from the past tense to the present tense in order to describe the characteristics of the temple, a decision I chose not to follow in the present translation.
n.­37
Lamotte, Cornu, and Powers do not translate the anaphoric pronoun de in ’jig rten las ’das pa de’i bla ma’i dge ba’i rtsa ba las byung ba. Powers explains in a footnote (see Power 1995, p. 313, n. 3) that this pronoun refers to gnosis according to Wonch’uk, although his translation does not reflect this interpretation. Since wisdom has not been mentioned earlier in the text and since the pronoun de is anaphoric, I read de as referring to the Buddha. Moreover, the concept of “root of virtue” is usually associated with persons and we have a reference to dbang sgyur ba in the next qualifying phrase.
n.­38
The clause dbang sgyur ba’i rnam par rig pa shin tu rnam par rig pa’i mtshan nyid is problematic. Lamotte translates it in the following way: “très pur, il se caractérise par une pensée maîtresse de soi.” Cornu and Powers follow the reading found in D, folio  2.a; S, folio 4.a; Kǫ, folio 1.a; L, folio 3.a; and H, folio 3.a ( dbang sgyur ba’i rnam par rig pa shin tu rnam par rig pa’i mtshan nyid) and render the two occurrences of rnam par rig pa by an apposition: “It was characterized by perfect knowledge, the knowledge of one who has mastery.” (Powers 1995, p. 5). However, in F, folio 4.b we find a variant reading which, I believe, makes more sense: dbang byed pa’i rnam par rig pa shin tu rnam par dag pa’i mtshan nyid. The Tibetan verbal prefix shin tu rnam par is used to render the upasarga su- in Sanskrit, like in suviśuddha. In Mvyut 351, blo shin tu rnam par dag pa thus translates the Sanskrit suviśuddhabuddhiḥ.
n.­39
nges par ’byung ba. In Skt. niḥsaraṇa or niryāṇa, which have the meaning of setting forth, issue, exit, departure, escape, a road out of town. The analogy here is not about emancipation or renunciation as Powers and Cornu translated it but rather with the metaphor of the journey. In that sense, what is meant here is the departure to reach the palace. Lamotte (1935), Keenan (2000), and Cleary (1999) follow Xuanzang’s translation: 大念慧行以為游路 (Cbeta, Taishō 676). Interestingly enough, F does not have nges par ’byung ba but just ’byung ba.
n.­40
rin po che’i pad ma’i rgyal po chen po yon tan gyi tshogs mtha’ yas pas brgyan pa’i bkod pa la rten pa na bzhugs te. This clause has been translated in various ways depending on how one understands the compound rin po che’i pad ma’i rgyal po chen po yon tan gyi tshogs mtha’ yas pas. Lamotte (1935), Powers (1995), and Cornu (2005) read it as a dvandva: “II est orné de qualités infinies, de joyaux, de lotus et de grands rois” (Lamotte 1935, p. 167); “this pattern was adorned with boundless masses of excellent qualities, and with great kingly jeweled lotuses” (Powers 1995, pp. 5–6); “paré d’infinies qualités et de grands lotus royaux incrustés de pierreries” (Cornu 2005, p. 26). However, it seems to me that it would be better to read this compound as a karmadhāraya. Folio 5.a offers a variant reading that could support this interpretation: yon ten gyi tshogs mtha’ yas pas/ brgyan pa’i rin po che chen po pad mo’i rgyal po’i bkod pa’i gnas na nyan thos kyi dge ’dun tshad med pa dang / thabs gcig tu bzhugs te. In addition to this problem, one should note that Lamotte’s translation of the compound rin po che’i pad ma’i rgyal po chen po as a dvandva is inaccurate here. Powers’ reading of this term is correct.
n.­53
brjod du med pa dang / gnyis su med pa’i mtshan nyid. I read this compound as a bahuvrīhi. The full clause [brjod du med pa dang / gnyis su med pa’i mtshan nyid] + [don dam pa] is a karmadhāraya meaning literally “the ultimate that is that whose defining characteristic is inexpressible and absolute.” Powers’ suggestion is also possible here (“the ultimate whose defining characteristic is inexpressible and non-dual”). Lamotte leaves out mtshan nyid. Cornu somewhat mixes qualifiers and qualified terms in his rendering of this clause.
n.­65
brtsams pa; ārabhya with the meaning of “referring to/having to do with,” a frequent occurrence in Saṃdh. See Edgerton 1953, p. 102.
n.­66
rtog ge thams cad las yang dag par ’das pa; sarva­tarka­samati­krānta. Regarding the translation of the term rtog ge (tarka), Powers 1995, p. 25 suggests “argumentation,” but the emphasis in the present context is not on logical reasoning. The term tarka denotes here any kind of assumption, presupposition, representation, or conjecture regarding the absolute that is the product of the intellect (manas).
n.­74
I am using the adjective “indistinct” here in the sense of the first definition given in the Oxford English Dictionary: “1. Not distinct or distinguished from each other, or from something else; not kept separate or apart in the mind or perception; not clearly defined or marked off.” Oxford English Dictionary Online, s.v. “indistinct,” accessed July 20, 2020, https://www-oed-com.ezproxy.leidenuniv.nl:2443/view/Entry/94602?redirectedFrom=indistinct#eid.
n.­75
mos pa; praṇidhāna. See mos pa spyod pa’i sa. See Mvyut 897: mos pa spyod pa’i sa; adhimukticaryābhūmiḥ.
n.­76
Schmithausen reads don dam pa’i mtshan nyid (paramārthalakṣaṇa) as “the defining characteristic that is the ultimate” in 3.­5 (see Schmithausen 2014, p. 558, §512.3). However, Saṃdh. chapter 3 is about conditioned phenomena in relation to the ultimate when their respective defining characteristics are examined. The question here is not to determine whether the ultimate is the defining characteristic of conditioned phenomena. Rather, it is to determine whether the conditioned and the ultimate are different by examining their defining characteristics. Therefore, I read don dam pa’i mtshan nyid as “the defining characteristic of the ultimate,” namely, as a genitive tatpuruṣa and not as a karmadhāraya.
n.­77
To render sha stag.
n.­90
Lit. “in the world of beings.”
n.­91
F reads here shes pa in agreement with D. See F, folio 14.bff.
n.­92
dmigs pa; ālambana. I think it is important here to read dmigs pa as meaning “object” because in folio 11.a the Buddha contrasts these various objects (aggregates, sense sources, constituents, truths, etc.) with the “object conducive to purification” (rnam par dag pa’i dmigs pa, *viśuddhyālambana; see Schmithausen 2014, p. 362, §306.5 and n. 1644). Translating dmigs pa here as “observing” would weaken the central opposition between (a) the objects taken as a reference point for their practice by those who have not realized the defining characteristic of the ultimate and (b) the object conducive to purification, which is present within all phenomena. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce this fundamental point.
n.­101
ji tsam gyis; kiyant. The complete sentence reads, “In what sense are they skilled in the secrets of mind, thought, and cognition?”
n.­137
This enumeration follows the structure found in 4.­2.
n.­308
See translation of VinSg 16 in Sakuma 1990, p. 202: “Der Dharmakāya der Tathāgatas ist dadurch charakterisiert, daß die [ihn konstituierende] ‘Umgestaltung der Grundlage’ daraus hervorgegangen ist, daß man die [Bodhisattva-]Stufen und Vollkommenheiten durch intensive Übung gemeistert hat.”
n.­309
mngon par ’du bya ba med pa; anabhisaṃskāraṇa.
n.­310
On vimuktikāya, see Radich 2007, p. 1254ff.
n.­311
As with the compound in the opening question above, I read sprul pa’i sku’i mtshan nyid (nirmāṇakāyalakṣaṇa) as a bahuvrīhi.
n.­312
byin gyis brlabs; adhiṣṭhita.
n.­313
F, folio 65.a: bstan pa la.
n.­314
dmigs pa la nye bar gtod pa.
n.­315
D: sems can gnas pa, but F, folio 65.b reads sems gnas pa, which corresponds to Xuanzang’s translation: 心安住事 (Cbeta, Taishō 676).
n.­316
mngon du bya ba; sākṣātkāra.
n.­317
gsal ba; paṭu (?). See Mvyut 6695: spyod pa mi gsal ba; apaṭupracāraḥ. Another possibility for gsal ba would be saṃprakhyāna. Edgerton gives as synonym asaṃmoṣa (“absence of confusion”). As an equivalent for saṃprakhyāna, a Tibetan synonym of gsal ba is dran pa. See Edgerton 1953, pp. 83 and 576.
n.­318
D: bsgom pa las yongs su skyob pa’i sbyor ba gsal ba. Compare with F, folio 66.a: bsgom pas yongs su skyob pa’i sbyor ba gsal ba.
n.­319
pham pa’i gnas lta bu[’i chos]; pārājayikasthānīya[dharmāḥ]. See Edgerton 1953, p. 342.
n.­320
bar du gcod pa’i chos; antarāyikadharmāḥ (see Mvyut 9324).
n.­321
See 8.20.2.
n.­322
D, folio 50.b: gnas pa. F, folio 67.a: rnam par bzhag pa. They are synonyms for vyavasthāna.
n.­323
See 8.­21, in which the exact same enumeration is found. See D, folio 31.b: mgo gcig tu lan gdab pa dang / rnam par dbye ba dang / dris te lan gdab pa dang / gzhag pa dang / gsang ba dang.
n.­324
’thob pa. Usually “obtainment” or “attainment.”
n.­325
D: so so’i shes pa; compare with F, folio 67.a: dam bcas for the Sanskrit pratijñā. Yoshimizu opts for “objects that are known” (see Yoshimizu 2010, p. 142), although it is clear that so so’i shes pa is the Literal translation into Tibetan of pratijñā.
n.­326
Yoshimizu 2010, p. 142 reads the correlative/relative sentence (yat . . . tat . . .; . . . gang dag yin pa de dag . . .) as meaning “Whatever is . . ., that is . . .” Alternatively, this grammatical construction could be literally translated with the following syntactic structure: “That which is . . . is . . .” While Yoshimizu’s translation is technically correct, reading gang dag yin pa in the sense of “whatever” in the present case is unnecessary since this grammatical structure is usually used to give a definition of a technical term. As a consequence, we do not need to mirror the Sanskrit correlative/relative structure in English. The result is a more simple and fluid rendering of the text.
n.­327
In this paragraph, I read the compounds ending with lakṣaṇa as bahuvrīhis. Yoshimizu translated these compounds as tatpuruṣas. It seems to me that reading them as bahuvrīhis makes the entire passage much easier to understand.
n.­328
de mngon sum du dmigs pa’i mtshan nyid; tatpratyakṣopalabdhilakṣaṇa (see Mvyut 4405).
n.­329
de la gnas pa mngon sum du dmigs pa’i mtshan nyid; tadāśritya pratyakṣopalabdhilakṣaṇa/tadāśritya āśritapratyakṣopalabdhilakṣaṇa (see Mvyut 4406). See Yoshimizu 2010, p. 144: “the characteristic of the direct cognition [of something] depending on the [imperceptible object to be inferred].” The definition of this term reads, according to Yoshimizu, “The characteristic of the direct cognition [of something] depending on the [imperceptible object to be inferred consists in] such kinds of direct cognition, through which something directly not [cognizable] is inferred.”
n.­330
rang gi rigs kyi dpe nye bar sbyar ba’i mtshan nyid; svajātīyadṛṣṭāntopasaṃhāralakṣaṇa (see Mvyut 4407). The term upasaṃhāra means “establishing,” in the way of the sādhana with respect to the sādhya. It is therefore also translated into Tibetan as nye bar sgrub, a synonym for nye ba sbyar ba, which is used for the Sanskrit sādhana too.
n.­331
lung shin tu rnam par dag pa gtan la phab bar bstan pa’i mtshan nyid. See Mvyut 4409: lung shin tu rnam par dag pas gtan la bab par bstan pa’i mtshan nyid/ lung shin tu rnam par dag pas gtan la dbab par bstan pa’i mtshan nyid; suviśuddhāgamopadeśalakṣaṇa.
n.­332
For the sake of readability, I inverted the order of the clauses in the sentences explaining the five points mentioned here. If we translate the Tibetan literally, the pattern would be: [example 1, example 2, etc.] are [the logical proof to be defined].
n.­333
D: gang gis mngon sum du ma gyur pa la rjes su dpag par bya ba dang / de lta bu dang ’thun pa gang yin pa de ni de la gnas pa mngon sum du dmigs pa’i mtshan nyid yin no. Yoshimizu’s translation of this clause seems incorrect: “The characteristic of the direct cognition [of something] depending on the [imperceptible object to be inferred consists in] such kinds of direct cognition, through which something directly not [cognizable] is inferred, as . . .” followed by sentences (1), (2), and (3).
n.­334
In this explanation of tadāśritya pratyakṣopalabdhilakṣaṇam, I do not understand why Yoshimizu takes elements of sentence (1) into sentence (2), in violation of the Tibetan syntax which is quite clear in the present case. See Yoshimizu 2010, p. 144.
n.­335
Yoshimizu adds the concept of vipraṇa to this sentence, which is not found in the Tibetan. See Yoshimizu 2010, p. 145.
n.­336
The analogies given as examples seem to be instances of [para]pra­siddhānu­māṇa ([tha snyad du gzhan la] grags pa’i rjes dpag) in that the perception of the analogy must be renowned (grags pa) in the world (or established from the perspective of the person to be persuaded), thereby offering a certain level of consensus, which is essential for the validity of this kind of logical proof.
n.­337
This probably refers to the various kinds of suffering, which includes the suffering inherent to the conditioned phenomena as well as to the twelve factors of conditioned existence.
n.­338
rang dbang med pa; asvatantra.
n.­339
Yoshimizu segments this passage in a different way (see Yoshimizu 2010, p. 145), as it appears that she did not understand its syntactic structure (or chose not to follow it). The point of these instances in the form of established perceptions for which there is a consensus is to show how one thing (that which must be established) is established from the other (the commonly established perception). The relation here is again of the type sādhya/sādhana, this time through an instance belonging to the same class of phenomena. In these sentences, we have the following construction: X la Y dmigs pa nye bar sbyar ba. In the present case, X (i.e., external and internal conditioned phenomena) is the sādhya, and Y is the sādhana (i.e., clauses 1–2), which makes the svajātīyadṛṣṭāntopasaṃhāralakṣaṇam look like a type of pra­siddhānu­māṇa.
n.­340
These three proofs are (A) a perception that is a direct cognition of the [thing to establish]; (B) a perception that is a direct cognition [of something existing] in dependence on the [thing to establish]; and (C) a demonstration through an instance belonging to the same class.
n.­341
See beginning of 10.7.4 above. Yoshimizu translates rigs pa brtag pa yongs su dag pa with “the reasoning to be investigated.” See Yoshimizu 2010, p. 145.
n.­342
dge sbyong bzhi for dge sbyong chos bzhi; see Mvyut 8708: dge sbyong du byed pa’i chos bzhi ming la; catvārah śramaṇakārakadharmāḥ.
n.­343
This passage is interesting because the five defining characteristics of the principle of reason are reduced to three core ideas. Since pari­niṣpanna­lakṣaṇa merely refers to the definition of correct reasoning with regard to the other four defining characteristics, it is understandable that it is not included in this list. However, it is fascinating to see that sva­jātīyadṛṣṭānto­pasaṃhāra­lakṣaṇa is also excluded here, which might confirm that this proof was considered to be a form of pra­siddhānu­māṇa in spite of its seemingly inductive character resulting from the use of instances or examples upon which there is a consensus. However, the “engine” of the proof in the case of this valid cognition is not an induction but the deduction ensuing from facts that are accepted as conventions by virtue of consensus. As a consequence, one could argue that the svajātīyadṛṣṭāntopasaṃhāralakṣaṇa has a monotonic aspect explaining why it is not inductive in spite of its empirical aspect. The analogies used in this kind of reasoning are, in a way, carved in marble, in the sense of well-established principles that cannot be refuted by new information drawn from further experience or perception, which is precisely the reason why these reasonings have the capacity to establish the sādhya. They are by nature a deduction from a universal law or principle. Hence their possible inclusion in the category of anumāṇa as pra­siddhānu­māṇa since they surely do not correspond only to a direct cognition.
n.­344
de las gzhan dang ’thun par dmigs pa’i mtshan nyid. See Mvyut 4410: de las gzhan dang mthun par dmigs pa’i mtshan nyid/ de las gzhan dang mthun par mngon sum du dmigs pa’i mtshan nyid; tadanyasārūpyopalabdhilakṣaṇa.
n.­345
de la gzhan dang mi ’thun par dmigs pa’i mtshan nyid. See Mvyut 4411: de las gzhan dang mi mthun pa mngon sum du dmigs pa’i mtshan nyid/ de las gzhan dang mi mthun par dmigs pa’i mtshan nyid/ de las gzhan dang mi mthun par mngon sum du dmigs pa’i mtshan nyid; tadanyavairūpyopalabdhilakṣaṇa.
n.­346
thams cad ’thun par dmigs pa’i mtshan nyid. See Mvyut 4412: thams cad mthun par dmigs pa’i mtshan nyid; sarvasārūpyopalabdhilakṣaṇa.
n.­347
thams cad mi ’thun par dmigs pa’i mtshan nyid. See Mvyut 4413: thams cad mi mthun par dmigs pa’i mtshan nyid; sarvavairūpyopalabdhilakṣaṇa.
n.­348
gzhan gyi rigs kyi dpe nye bar sbyar ba’i mtshan nyid. See Mvyut 4414: gzhan gyi rigs kyi dpe nye bar sbyar ba’i mtshan nyid; anyajātīyadṛṣṭāntopasaṃhāralakṣaṇa.
n.­349
This refers to point (IV) above.
n.­350
For an examination of similarities between Saṃdh. and Hetuvidyā, see Yoshimizu 2010.
n.­351
This refers to point (IV) above.
n.­352
This refers to point (I) above.
n.­353
This point is not easy to unravel. I understand it in the following way. If the perception [of a logical proof] that does not conform with any[thing] could be used to establish the thesis, it also could be used to establish as well something that is not the thesis. As a consequence, it would be included in the reasons proving that which is not the thesis and would be therefore inconclusive. In other words, the perception of the proof would be present in both the sapakṣa and the vipakṣa. The proof of something that does not conform to anything would be necessarily also found in the perception of that which does not conform with that which must be established. As one proceeds to examine the proof, its absence of conformity with the premise is enough to disqualify it, whether it is conforming with something other than the premise or with nothing else.
n.­354
This refers to point (VI) above.
n.­355
This refers to point (III) above.
n.­356
This refers to point (II) above.
n.­357
This point is also not easy to understand. I take it to mean the following: if a perception that conforms with all [things] (i.e., with anything) demonstrates the thesis, it follows that the dharmin/pakṣa (all phenomena) constitutes the entire sapakṣa and there is not even the possibility of having a vipakṣa. The demonstration based on such perceptions is therefore inconclusive because it represents a tautology based on a circular argument that nothing could invalidate in the absence of a sapakṣa and a vipakṣa.
n.­358
“Whether tathāgatas . . .”; see also 4.­10 and 7.­9. This quote is found in various other canonical scriptures with minor variations.
n.­359
F, folio 69.b: ye shes.
n.­360
ldem por dgongs pa.
n.­361
I read kun nas nyon mongs pa’i chos and rnam par byang ba’i chos as bahuvrīhis.
n.­362
The verses might have been corrupted. The prose section (D, folio 53.a) reads, ’jam dpal kun nas nyon mongs pa’i chos gang dag yin pa dang / rnam par byang ba’i chos gang dag yin pa de dag thams cad ni g.yo ba med pa gang zag med pa yin te/ de’i phyir ngas chos rnams rnam pa thams cad du byed pa med par bstan to, which does not match the variant reading found in the verses (D, folio 53.b): kun nas nyon mongs chos dang rnam par byang ba’i chos/ /thams cad byed pa med cing gang zag med pa yin/ /de phyir de dag byed pa med par ngas bshad do.
n.­363
10.8 before the gāthās, in which the dhāraṇī is given, could be seen as a mchan ’grel of these verses (i.e., a ‘fill-in commentary’).
n.­364
See 5.1–6.
n.­365
sprul pa; nirmāṇa. From the Sanskrit point of view, the juxtaposition of anabhisaṃskāra and nirmāṇa must have created a cognitive dissonance as it represents a paradox that can only be solved through the notion of nonduality, the topic of the next paragraph. The term anabhisaṃskāra expresses the notion of something that is uncreated, not brought about, and not the result of any conditioning process‍— something uncontrived, effortless, spontaneous. In contrast, nirmāṇa implies creation, construction, emanation, formation, composition, and transformation. A solution to this quandary that would not invoke nonduality is to understand the term anabhisaṃskāra as stressing primarily the idea of effortlessness as in the example of the dream given by the Buddha below. Another interpretation could be the apparition in a mirror. A reflection may seem real but is actually neither going nor coming anywhere. It is unproduced and nonexistent, not even “a thing.”
n.­366
The question is to determine how the arising of anything is possible on the level of the relative truth in the absence of a causal process.
n.­367
D: ’jam dpal sems yod pa yang ma yin/ sems med pa yang ma yin te/ sems rang dbang med pa nyid dang / sems kyi dbang nyid yin pa’i phyir ro.
n.­368
yul; viṣaya.
n.­369
See 8.­23.
n.­370
Advayalakṣaṇa can be read in various ways: (1) as a genitive tatpuruṣa: “the defining characteristic of the nondual/of nonduality”; (2) as a karmadhāraya: “the nondual defining characteristic”; or (3) as a bahuvrīhi (which occurs frequently with lakṣaṇa as the second member of the compound): “who has the defining characteristic of nonduality/the nondual defining characteristic” or “who is characterized by nonduality.” On the basis of the question and the first part of the answer (D: bcom ldan ’das de bzhin gshegs pa’i mngon par rdzogs par byang chub pa gang lags pa dang / chos kyi ’khor lo bskor ba gang lags pa dang / yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa chen po gang lags pa de dag gi mtshan nyid ni/ ji lta bur rig par bgyi lags/ ’jam dpal gnyis su med pa’i mtshan nyid yin te), I would tend to read the compound as a genitive tatpuruṣa: “Mañjuśrī, [you should understand it] as the defining characteristic of nonduality.” However, the following sentences in the answer are built with the verb yin, implying a series of expressions referring to the tathāgatas through the use of nominalized verbal adjectives such as byang chub pa (bodha) or bskor ba; see D, folio 54.a–b: mngon par rdzogs par byang chub pa yang ma yin/ mngon par rdzogs par byang ma chub pa yang ma yin/ chos kyi ’khor lo bskor ba yang ma yin/ chos kyi ’khor lo mi bskor ba yang ma yin/ yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa chen po yang ma yin/ yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa chen po med pa yang ma yin te/ chos kyi sku shin tu rnam par dag pa nyid kyi phyir dang / sprul pa’i sku kun tu ston pa nyid kyi phyir ro. Lamotte translated the passage into French according to the structure defined by “il n’y a pas,” which would correspond to the verb yod in Tibetan, not yin. As a consequence, I chose to translate advayalakṣaṇa as a bahuv rīhi qualifying the tathāgatas.

b.

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Wonch’uk. dgongs pa zab mo nges par ’grel pa’i mdo rgya cher ’grel pa (*Ārya­gambhīra­saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtraṭīkā) Toh 4016, Degé Tengyur vol. 118 (mdo ’grel, ti), folios 1.b–291.a; vol. 119 (mdo ’grel, thi), folios 1.b–175.a.

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Other Canonical Sources for Samdh.

Bd3.7 vol. 3 (ta) pha, folios 1.b–84.a

C747 vol. 29 (mdo sde, ca), folios 1.b–71.a

Dd031-001 (mdo ca), folios 1.b–69.b

Dk034-001 (mdo na), folios 1.b–87.b

Do (mdo sde, da), folios 196.a–246.b

F156 vol. 68 (mdo sde, tsha), folios 1.b–72.a

Go19,01 vol. 19 (ka), folios 1.b–36.a

Gt028-001 (mdo na), folios 1.b–72.b

H109 vol. 51 (mdo sde, ca), folios 1.b–87.b

He64.6 (mdo, wa), folios 62.b–125.b

J51 vol. 44 (mdo sde, ca), folios 1.b–59.b

Kǫ774 vol. 29 (mdo sna tshogs, ngu), folios 1.b–60.b

L82 vol. 42 (mdo sde, na), folios 1.b–80.b

N94 vol. 51 (mdo sde, ca) folios 1.a–81.a.

Np012-001 (mdo na), folios 1.b–87.a

Pj043-001 (mdo ca), folios 1.b–62.b

Pz045-001 (mdo ca), folios 1.b–61.a

R106 vol. 49 (mdo sde, ca), folios 1.b–55.b

S106 vol. 63 (mdo sde, na), folios 1.b–80.b

U106 vol. 49 (mdo sde, ca), folios 1.b–55.b

X (mdo sde, wa), folios 66.a–132.a

Z137 vol. 59 (mdo, na), folios 1.b–93.a

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Lusthaus, Dan. Buddhist Phenomenology: A Philosophical Investigation of Yogācāra Buddhism and the “Ch’eng Wei-shih lun.” London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002.

Mathes, Klaus-Dieter. “The Ontological Status of the Dependent (paratantra) in the Saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtra and the Vyākhyāyukti.” In Indica et Tibetica: Festschrift für Michael Hahn, edited by Konrad Klaus and Jens-Uwe Hartmann, 323–39. Vienna: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universität Wien, 2007.

Matsuda, Kazunobu (1995). “Sanskrit Text of the Bodhisattva’s Ten Stages in the Saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtra: Based on the Kathmandu Fragment of the Yogācāra­bhūmi.” Bulletin of the Research Institute of Bukkyō University 2 (1995): 59–77.

‍—‍—‍—(2013). “Sanskrit Fragments of the Saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtra.” In The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners: The Buddhist Yogācāra­bhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, edited by Ulrich Timme Krag, 772–90. Harvard Oriental Series 75. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013.

Muller, Charles A. “Woncheuk 圓測 on Bimba 本質 and Pratibimba 影像 in his Commentary on the Saṃdhi­nirmocana-sūtra.” Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 59, no. 3 (2011): 1272–80.

Nagao, Gadjin. Madhyāntavibhāga‐bhāṣya: a Buddhist Philosophical Treatise Edited for the First Time from a Sanskrit Manuscript. Tokyo: Suzuki Research Foundation. 1964.

Nance, Richard F. Speaking for Buddhas: Scriptural Commentary in Indian Buddhism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.

Obermiller, Eugéne. Analysis of the Abhisamayālaṃkāra. London: Luzac, 1933.

Powers, John (1991a). “The Term ‘Saṃdhi­nirmocana’ in the Title of the Saṃdhi­nirmocana-sūtra.” Studies in Central and East Asian Religions 4 (1991): 52–62.

‍—‍—‍—(1991b). “The Concept of the Ultimate (don dam pa, paramārtha) in the Sandhinirmocanasūtra.” Indian Journal of Buddhist Studies 3, no. 1 (1991): 1–24.

‍—‍—‍—(1991c). “The Concept of the Ultimate (don dam pa, paramārtha) in the Sandhinirmocana-Sūtra: Analysis, translation, and notes.” PhD diss., University of Virginia, 1991.

‍—‍—‍—(1992a). “Lost in China, Found in Tibet: How Wonch’uk Became the Author of the Great Chinese Commentary.” In Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 15, no. 1 (1992): 95–103.

‍—‍—‍—(1992b). Two Commentaries on the Samdhinirmocana-Sutra by Asanga and Jnanagarbha. Studies in Asian Thought and Religion 13. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1992.

‍—‍—‍—(1993a). “The Tibetan Translations of the Saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtra and Bka’ ’gyur Research.” Central Asiatic Journal 37, no. 3/4 (1993): 198–224.

‍—‍—‍—(1993b). Hermeneutics and Tradition in the Sandhinirmocana-sūtra. Leiden: Brill, 1993.

‍—‍—‍—(1995). Wisdom of Buddha: The Saṁdhinirmocana Sūtra. Tibetan Translation Series 16. Berkeley: Dharma Publishing, 1995.

‍—‍—‍—(1998). Jñānagarbha’s Commentary on Just the Maitreya Chapter from the Saṃdhi­nirmocana-Sūtra: Study, Translation and Tibetan Text. New Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research, 1998.

‍—‍—‍—(2015). “Saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtra.”In Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism, edited by Jonathan Silk et al., vol. 1, Literature and Languages, 240–48. Leiden: Brill, 2015.

Punnaji, Hingulwala. “A Study of the Practice of Recollections (Anussati) in Buddhist Meditation.” PhD diss., Huafan University.

Radich, Michael. “The Somatics of Liberation: Ideas about Embodiment in Buddhism from Its Origins to the Fifth Century C.E.” PhD Diss., Harvard University: 2007.

Rahula, Walpola. Abhidharmasamuccaya: The Compendium of Higher Teaching (philosophy) by Asanga. Fremont: Asian Humanities Press, 2001.

Sakuma, Hidenori S. Die āśraya­parivṛtti-Theorie in der Yogācāra­bhūmi. 2 vols. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1990.

Schmithausen, Lambert (1984). “On the Vijñaptimātra Passage in Saṁdhinirmocanasūtra VIII.7.” Acta Indologica 6 (1984): 433–55.

‍—‍—‍—(1987). Ālayavijñāna: On the Origin and the Early Development of a Central Concept of Yogācāra Philosophy. Tokyo: International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 1987.

‍—‍—‍—(2005). On the Problem of the External World in the “Ch’eng wei shih lun.” Studia Philologica Buddhica. Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 2005.

‍—‍—‍—(2014). The Genesis of Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda: Responses and Reflections. Kasuga Lectures Series 1. Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 2014.

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‍—‍—‍— (2013). “Nets of Intertextuality: Embedded Scriptural Citations in the Yogācāra­bhūmi.” In The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners: The Buddhist “Yogācāra­bhūmi” Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, edited by Ulrich Timme Kragh, 772–90. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013.

Steinkellner, Ernst. “Who is Byaṅ chub rdzu ’phrul? Tibetan and non-Tibetan Commentaries on the Saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtra – A Survey of the Literature.” Berliner Indologische Studien 4/5 (1989): 229–52.

Takahashi, Kōichi. “A Premise of the trilakṣaṇa theory in the Sandhinirmocanasūtra.” In Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (=Indobukkyogaku Kenkyu) 54, no. 3 (2006): 85–92.

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Tillemans, Tom J. F. “On a recent translation of the Saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtra.” In Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 20, no. 1 (1997): 153–64.

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Yoshimizu, Chizuko (1996). “On the Four Kinds of yukti in the Tenth Chapter of the Saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtra.” Journal of Naritasan Institute for Buddhist Studies 19 (1996): 123–68.

‍—‍—‍—(2010). “The Logic of the Sandhi­nirmocana­sūtra: Establishing Right Reasoning Based on Similarity (sārūpya) and Dissimilarity (vairūpya).” In Logic in Earliest Classical India, edited by Brendan S. Gillon, 139–66. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2010.


g.

Glossary

g.­1

Abiding in phenomena

  • chos gnas pa nyid
  • ཆོས་གནས་པ་ཉིད།
  • dharmasthititā

1 passage contains this term:

  • 4.­10

Links to further resources:

  • 7 related glossary entries
g.­2

Absorption

  • snyoms par ’jug pa
  • སྙོམས་པར་འཇུག་པ།
  • samāpatti

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

One of the synonyms for the meditative state. The Tibetan translators interpreted it as sama-āpatti, which brings in the idea of “equal” or “level”; however, it can also be parsed as sam-āpatti, in which case it would have the sense of “concentration” or “absorption,” much like samādhi, but with the added sense of “attainment.”

5 passages contain this term:

  • 8.­34
  • 8.­35
  • 9.­3
  • 9.­5
  • g.­359

Links to further resources:

  • 27 related glossary entries
g.­3

Absorption in the state of cessation

  • ’gog pa la snyoms par zhugs pa
  • འགོག་པ་ལ་སྙོམས་པར་ཞུགས་པ།
  • nirodhasamāpatti

See Mvyut 1500 and 1988.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 10.­9

Links to further resources:

  • 3 related glossary entries
g.­4

Accept

  • len
  • ལེན།
  • ādadante

cf. Sanskrit text in Matsuda 2013, p. 940 ad Lamotte VIII.40.

8 passages contain this term:

  • i.­21
  • 7.­13
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­21
  • 7.­23
  • 8.­40
  • n.­136
  • n.­343
g.­6

Accomplishment of the goal

  • dgos pa yongs su grub pa
  • དགོས་པ་ཡོངས་སུ་གྲུབ་པ།
  • kṛtyānuṣṭhāna

8 passages contain this term:

  • i.­16
  • 8.­2
  • 8.­15
  • 8.­35
  • 8.­36
  • n.­230
  • n.­231
  • n.­239
g.­10

Actual

  • yongs su grub pa
  • ཡོངས་སུ་གྲུབ་པ།
  • pariniṣpanna

See n.­125.

11 passages contain this term:

  • i.­6
  • i.­12
  • 6.­6
  • 9.­18
  • 10.­7
  • n.­54
  • n.­64
  • n.­95
  • n.­125
  • n.­181
  • n.­191

Links to further resources:

  • 5 related glossary entries
g.­13

Actualization

  • mngon du bya ba
  • མངོན་དུ་བྱ་བ།
  • sākṣātkāra

6 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­1
  • 4.­3
  • 4.­4
  • 7.­1
  • 10.­5
  • g.­181
g.­15

Affliction

  • kun nas nyon mongs pa
  • ཀུན་ནས་ཉོན་མོངས་པ།
  • saṃkleśa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

A term meaning defilement, impurity, and pollution, broadly referring to cognitive and emotional factors that disturb and obscure the mind. As the self-perpetuating process of affliction in the minds of beings, it is a synonym for saṃsāra. It is often paired with its opposite, vyavadāna, meaning “purification.”

30 passages contain this term:

  • i.­8
  • i.­10
  • i.­12
  • i.­17
  • i.­23
  • p.­1
  • 3.­4
  • 3.­5
  • 3.­6
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­12
  • 7.­9
  • 7.­10
  • 7.­12
  • 7.­13
  • 8.­19
  • 8.­20
  • 8.­22
  • 8.­30
  • 8.­31
  • 8.­35
  • 8.­36
  • 9.­4
  • 9.­7
  • 9.­20
  • 9.­22
  • 10.­5
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­8
  • n.­279

Links to further resources:

  • 15 related glossary entries
g.­16

Aggregate

  • phung pho
  • ཕུང་ཕོ།
  • skandha

The five skandhas (pañcaskandha) are: forms (rūpa), sensation (vedanā), conception (saṃjñā), formations (saṃskāra), consciousness (vijñāna).

16 passages contain this term:

  • i.­11
  • i.­14
  • i.­19
  • 2.­3
  • 4.­2
  • 4.­8
  • 4.­9
  • 4.­10
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­13
  • 7.­25
  • 8.­20
  • 8.­21
  • 8.­38
  • 9.­32
  • n.­92

Links to further resources:

  • 57 related glossary entries
g.­17

Analysis

  • brtag pa
  • བརྟག་པ།
  • parīkṣā

5 passages contain this term:

  • i.­21
  • 10.­7
  • n.­106
  • n.­120
  • n.­181

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­18

Analytical knowledge

  • so sor yang dag par rig pa
  • སོ་སོར་ཡང་དག་པར་རིག་པ།
  • pratisaṃvid

See Har Dayal 2004, p. 260ff.

7 passages contain this term:

  • 8.­19
  • 8.­21
  • 8.­27
  • 8.­35
  • 9.­3
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­12

Links to further resources:

  • 22 related glossary entries
g.­21

Analyze

  • so sor rtog par byed
  • so sor rtog pa
  • སོ་སོར་རྟོག་པར་བྱེད།
  • སོ་སོར་རྟོག་པ།
  • pratyavekṣaṇa
  • pratyavekṣa

The term so sor rtog pa has two meanings in our text: (1) analysis (pratyavekṣa) and (2) comprehension, realization, awakening (pratibodha).

6 passages contain this term:

  • i.­16
  • i.­54
  • i.­59
  • 3.­2
  • 8.­4
  • 10.­7
g.­22

Anumāṇa

  • —
  • —
  • anumāṇa

Technical term in Buddhist logic.

1 passage contains this term:

  • n.­343

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­24

Appearancelessness

  • mtshan ma med pa
  • མཚན་མ་མེད་པ།
  • animitta

One of the three gates of liberation along with emptiness and wishlessness.

5 passages contain this term:

  • i.­2
  • p.­1
  • 9.­18
  • g.­188
  • g.­409

Links to further resources:

  • 36 related glossary entries
g.­25

Applications of mindfulness

  • dran pa nye bar gzhag pa
  • དྲན་པ་ཉེ་བར་གཞག་པ།
  • smṛtyupasthāna

The four foundations of mindfulness refers to the application of mindfulness to: the body, sensations, the mind, phenomena.

8 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­5
  • 4.­8
  • 4.­9
  • 4.­10
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­26
  • 8.­21
  • 10.­7

Links to further resources:

  • 26 related glossary entries
g.­28

Aspiration

  • smon lam
  • སྨོན་ལམ།
  • praṇidhāna

5 passages contain this term:

  • 8.­1
  • 9.­8
  • 9.­10
  • 9.­13
  • 9.­33

Links to further resources:

  • 7 related glossary entries
g.­30

Assumption

  • mngon par zhen pa
  • མངོན་པར་ཞེན་པ།
  • abhiniviśanti

2 passages contain this term:

  • 9.­13
  • n.­66

Links to further resources:

  • 10 related glossary entries
g.­33

Authoritative scripture

  • yid ches pa’i lung gi tshad ma
  • ཡིད་ཆེས་པའི་ལུང་གི་ཚད་མ།
  • āptāgamapramāṇa

2 passages contain this term:

  • i.­21
  • 10.­7
g.­34

Avaloki­teśvara

  • spyan ras gzigs
  • ’phags pa spyan ras gzigs dbang phyug
  • སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས།
  • འཕགས་པ་སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས་དབང་ཕྱུག
  • Avaloki­teśvara
  • Āryāva­loki­teśvara

The bodhisattva who embodies compassion, also mentioned in this text as Āryāva­loki­teśvara, the noble Avaloki­teśvara.

34 passages contain this term:

  • i.­2
  • i.­4
  • p.­4
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­2
  • 9.­3
  • 9.­5
  • 9.­6
  • 9.­7
  • 9.­8
  • 9.­9
  • 9.­10
  • 9.­11
  • 9.­12
  • 9.­13
  • 9.­14
  • 9.­15
  • 9.­16
  • 9.­17
  • 9.­18
  • 9.­19
  • 9.­20
  • 9.­21
  • 9.­22
  • 9.­23
  • 9.­24
  • 9.­25
  • 9.­26
  • 9.­27
  • 9.­28
  • 9.­29
  • 9.­30
  • 9.­31
  • 9.­33

Links to further resources:

  • 58 related glossary entries
g.­35

Awakening

  • byang chub
  • བྱང་ཆུབ།
  • bodhi

44 passages contain this term:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1
  • i.­5
  • i.­6
  • i.­21
  • i.­56
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­3
  • 2.­2
  • 3.­3
  • 3.­6
  • 4.­7
  • 6.­6
  • 7.­15
  • 7.­16
  • 7.­19
  • 7.­33
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­10
  • 8.­13
  • 8.­17
  • 8.­20
  • 8.­21
  • 8.­36
  • 8.­40
  • 8.­41
  • 9.­5
  • 9.­18
  • 9.­19
  • 9.­23
  • 9.­24
  • 9.­31
  • 10.­4
  • 10.­5
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­10
  • n.­80
  • n.­82
  • n.­95
  • n.­126
  • n.­191
  • n.­231
  • g.­178
  • g.­224

Links to further resources:

  • 9 related glossary entries
g.­36

Awakening factors

  • byang chub kyi phyogs dang ’thun pa’i chos
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཕྱོགས་དང་འཐུན་པའི་ཆོས།
  • bodhi­pakṣya­dharma

4 passages contain this term:

  • i.­21
  • 9.­3
  • 9.­4
  • 10.­7

Links to further resources:

  • 27 related glossary entries
g.­39

Bahuvrīhi

  • —
  • —
  • bahuvrīhi

Type of Sanskrit compound.

14 passages contain this term:

  • i.­42
  • i.­45
  • i.­50
  • n.­36
  • n.­53
  • n.­73
  • n.­86
  • n.­94
  • n.­135
  • n.­165
  • n.­311
  • n.­327
  • n.­361
  • n.­370
g.­40

Bases of supernatural powers

  • rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa
  • རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་གྱི་རྐང་པ།
  • ṛddhipādaḥ

The four bases of supernatural powers (ṛddhipāda, rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi) are: (1) concentration through will (chanda, ’dun pa), (2) concentration through vigor (vīrya, brtson ’grus), (3) concentration through the mind (citta, bsam pa), and (4) concentration through investigation (mīmāṃsā, dpyod pa ). See Rahula 2001, p. 163.

6 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­5
  • 4.­8
  • 4.­9
  • 4.­10
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­26

Links to further resources:

  • 31 related glossary entries
g.­45

Blessed one

  • bcom ldan ’das
  • བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས།
  • bhagavān
  • bhagavat

An epithet for a buddha.

114 passages contain this term:

  • p.­1
  • p.­2
  • p.­3
  • p.­4
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­2
  • 2.­4
  • 3.­1
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­7
  • 4.­1
  • 4.­6
  • 4.­7
  • 4.­12
  • 5.­1
  • 5.­7
  • 6.­1
  • 6.­2
  • 6.­12
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­2
  • 7.­18
  • 7.­19
  • 7.­24
  • 7.­25
  • 7.­26
  • 7.­27
  • 7.­28
  • 7.­29
  • 7.­30
  • 7.­31
  • 7.­32
  • 7.­33
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­2
  • 8.­3
  • 8.­5
  • 8.­6
  • 8.­7
  • 8.­8
  • 8.­9
  • 8.­10
  • 8.­12
  • 8.­13
  • 8.­14
  • 8.­15
  • 8.­16
  • 8.­17
  • 8.­18
  • 8.­19
  • 8.­24
  • 8.­25
  • 8.­26
  • 8.­27
  • 8.­28
  • 8.­29
  • 8.­30
  • 8.­31
  • 8.­32
  • 8.­33
  • 8.­34
  • 8.­35
  • 8.­36
  • 8.­38
  • 8.­39
  • 8.­40
  • 8.­41
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­2
  • 9.­4
  • 9.­5
  • 9.­6
  • 9.­7
  • 9.­8
  • 9.­9
  • 9.­10
  • 9.­11
  • 9.­12
  • 9.­13
  • 9.­14
  • 9.­15
  • 9.­16
  • 9.­17
  • 9.­18
  • 9.­19
  • 9.­20
  • 9.­21
  • 9.­22
  • 9.­23
  • 9.­24
  • 9.­25
  • 9.­26
  • 9.­27
  • 9.­28
  • 9.­29
  • 9.­30
  • 9.­31
  • 9.­32
  • 9.­33
  • 10.­1
  • 10.­2
  • 10.­3
  • 10.­4
  • 10.­5
  • 10.­6
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­8
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­10
  • 10.­11
  • 10.­12
  • n.­167
  • n.­173
  • n.­200

Links to further resources:

  • 116 related glossary entries
g.­46

Body afflicted by corruption

  • gnas ngan len gyi lus
  • གནས་ངན་ལེན་གྱི་ལུས།
  • dauṣṭhulyakāya

8 passages contain this term:

  • i.­22
  • i.­24
  • i.­25
  • 8.­34
  • 9.­4
  • 10.­8
  • n.­4
  • n.­191
g.­47

Branches of awakening

  • byang chub kyi yan lag
  • བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཡན་ལག
  • bodhyaṅgāni

The seven branches of awakening are: (1) correct mindfulness, (2) correct discrimination of dharmas, (3) correct vigor, (4) correct joy, (5) correct flexibility, (6) correct concentration, and (7) correct equanimity.

7 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­5
  • 4.­8
  • 4.­9
  • 4.­10
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­26
  • n.­93

Links to further resources:

  • 40 related glossary entries
g.­49

Buddha field

  • sangs rgyas kyi zhing
  • སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཞིང་།
  • buddhakṣetra

Also translated as “buddha realm.”

3 passages contain this term:

  • 8.­37
  • 10.­4
  • g.­50

Links to further resources:

  • 25 related glossary entries
g.­50

Buddha realm

  • sangs rgyas kyi zhing
  • སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཞིང་།
  • buddhakṣetra

Also translated as “buddha field.”

3 passages contain this term:

  • p.­4
  • 10.­9
  • g.­49

Links to further resources:

  • 25 related glossary entries
g.­51

Buddha Stage

  • sangs rgyas kyi sa
  • སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ས།
  • buddhabhūmi

The name of a bodhisattva stage.

7 passages contain this term:

  • 9.­1
  • 9.­3
  • 9.­4
  • 9.­5
  • 9.­6
  • 9.­20
  • 9.­29

Links to further resources:

  • 3 related glossary entries
g.­53

Causal dependence

  • rang dbang med pa
  • རང་དབང་མེད་པ།
  • asvatantra

1 passage contains this term:

  • 10.­7
g.­54

Cause and effect

  • rgyu dang ’bras bu
  • རྒྱུ་དང་འབྲས་བུ།
  • hetuphala

1 passage contains this term:

  • 10.­7
g.­55

Changing opinions

  • blo gros tha dad pa
  • བློ་གྲོས་ཐ་དད་པ།
  • matibheda

1 passage contains this term:

  • 2.­1
g.­56

Characterized by

  • rab tu phye ba
  • རབ་ཏུ་ཕྱེ་བ།
  • prabhāvita

See Schmithausen 2014, p. 557, §512.1. Also translated here as “consisting in” and “constituted.”

30 passages contain this term:

  • i.­8
  • i.­10
  • i.­22
  • i.­42
  • i.­45
  • p.­1
  • 2.­2
  • 3.­1
  • 3.­5
  • 3.­6
  • 4.­6
  • 4.­7
  • 4.­8
  • 4.­9
  • 4.­10
  • 4.­11
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­12
  • 7.­6
  • 7.­9
  • 10.­1
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­10
  • n.­165
  • n.­180
  • n.­181
  • n.­370
  • g.­83
  • g.­87

Links to further resources:

  • 4 related glossary entries
g.­58

Clear mindfulness

  • gsal ba
  • གསལ་བ།
  • paṭu

1 passage contains this term:

  • 10.­5
g.­59

Cloud of Dharma

  • chos kyi sprin
  • ཆོས་ཀྱི་སྤྲིན།
  • dharmameghā

The name of a bodhisattva stage.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 9.­1
  • 9.­4

Links to further resources:

  • 8 related glossary entries
g.­60

Cognition

  • rnam par shes pa
  • རྣམ་པར་ཤེས་པ།
  • vijñāna

26 passages contain this term:

  • i.­4
  • i.­9
  • i.­10
  • i.­12
  • i.­16
  • i.­18
  • i.­22
  • i.­44
  • i.­55
  • i.­58
  • 5.­1
  • 5.­3
  • 5.­4
  • 5.­5
  • 5.­6
  • 8.­7
  • 8.­11
  • 8.­20
  • 8.­37
  • 10.­9
  • n.­101
  • n.­108
  • n.­181
  • g.­16
  • g.­161
  • g.­258

Links to further resources:

  • 21 related glossary entries
g.­66

Comprehension

  • yongs su shes pa
  • ཡོངས་སུ་ཤེས་པ།
  • parijñā

11 passages contain this term:

  • i.­44
  • 4.­3
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­25
  • 7.­26
  • 8.­21
  • 8.­23
  • 8.­24
  • 10.­5
  • n.­187
  • g.­181

Links to further resources:

  • 2 related glossary entries
g.­69

Conception

  • ’du shes
  • འདུ་ཤེས།
  • saṃjñā

15 passages contain this term:

  • i.­6
  • i.­10
  • i.­44
  • 1.­4
  • 1.­5
  • 7.­10
  • 8.­11
  • 8.­20
  • 8.­37
  • 9.­18
  • 9.­19
  • 9.­20
  • 10.­5
  • n.­191
  • g.­16

Links to further resources:

  • 28 related glossary entries
g.­71

Conceptualization

  • rnam rtog
  • rnam par rtog pa
  • རྣམ་རྟོག
  • རྣམ་པར་རྟོག་པ།
  • vikalpa

13 passages contain this term:

  • i.­12
  • i.­16
  • p.­4
  • 1.­5
  • 5.­2
  • 7.­25
  • 7.­26
  • 7.­27
  • 8.­2
  • 8.­34
  • 8.­36
  • 8.­37
  • n.­84

Links to further resources:

  • 14 related glossary entries
g.­73

Conclusive

  • gcig tu nges pa
  • གཅིག་ཏུ་ངེས་པ།
  • aikāntikaḥ

Mahāvyutpatti 7587.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 10.­7
g.­74

Conditioned

  • ’du byas
  • འདུ་བྱས།
  • saṃskṛta

25 passages contain this term:

  • i.­6
  • i.­7
  • i.­8
  • i.­9
  • i.­10
  • i.­12
  • i.­17
  • 1.­1
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­3
  • 1.­4
  • 1.­5
  • 3.­5
  • 4.­10
  • 8.­36
  • 9.­3
  • 9.­17
  • 10.­5
  • 10.­7
  • n.­64
  • n.­76
  • n.­88
  • n.­125
  • n.­290
  • g.­161

Links to further resources:

  • 7 related glossary entries
g.­75

Conditioned phenomena

  • ’du byed
  • འདུ་བྱེད།
  • saṃskāra

Also translated here as “conditioning mental factors.”

33 passages contain this term:

  • i.­4
  • i.­8
  • i.­10
  • i.­11
  • i.­13
  • i.­15
  • i.­17
  • i.­20
  • 3.­1
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­3
  • 3.­4
  • 3.­5
  • 3.­6
  • 3.­7
  • 6.­12
  • 7.­11
  • 7.­12
  • 7.­13
  • 8.­12
  • 8.­15
  • 8.­20
  • 8.­29
  • 10.­7
  • n.­76
  • n.­80
  • n.­82
  • n.­100
  • n.­217
  • n.­337
  • n.­339
  • g.­76
  • g.­182

Links to further resources:

  • 40 related glossary entries
g.­78

Conducive

  • grogs
  • གྲོགས།
  • sahāya

7 passages contain this term:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1
  • 8.­15
  • 8.­19
  • 8.­20
  • 9.­28
  • 10.­7
g.­80

Confusion

  • ’khrul pa
  • འཁྲུལ་པ།
  • bhrānta

7 passages contain this term:

  • i.­12
  • i.­58
  • 8.­33
  • 8.­35
  • 9.­3
  • 9.­5
  • n.­317

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­81

Consequence

  • chud mi za ba
  • ཆུད་མི་ཟ་བ།
  • avipraṇa

1 passage contains this term:

  • 10.­7
g.­84

Constancy of phenomena

  • chos gnas pa nyid
  • ཆོས་གནས་པ་ཉིད།
  • dharmasthititā

Mahāvyutpatti 1719.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 10.­7

Links to further resources:

  • 7 related glossary entries
g.­85

Constant

  • rnam par gnas pa
  • རྣམ་པར་གནས་པ།
  • vyavasthita

2 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­10
  • 8.­1
g.­86

Constituent

  • khams
  • ཁམས།
  • dhātu

The eighteen constituents are: eye, visual object, visual consciousness; ear, sound, auditive consciousness; nose, smell, olfactory consciousness; tongue, taste, gustative consciousness; body, touch, tactile consciousness; mind, mental objects, mental consciousness. When it refers to six elements, they are: earth, water, fire, air, space, and consciousness.

9 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­4
  • 4.­8
  • 4.­9
  • 4.­10
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­25
  • n.­92
  • n.­100
  • n.­286

Links to further resources:

  • 56 related glossary entries
g.­89

Convention

  • rjes su tha snyad
  • རྗེས་སུ་ཐ་སྙད།
  • anuvyavahāra

17 passages contain this term:

  • i.­6
  • i.­7
  • i.­8
  • i.­12
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­3
  • 2.­2
  • 2.­3
  • 2.­4
  • 3.­6
  • 4.­7
  • 6.­9
  • 10.­7
  • n.­124
  • n.­148
  • n.­162
  • n.­343
g.­98

Defilement

  • nyon mongs pa
  • ཉོན་མོངས་པ།
  • kleśa

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

The essentially pure nature of mind is obscured and afflicted by various psychological defilements, which destroy the mind’s peace and composure and lead to unwholesome deeds of body, speech, and mind, acting as causes for continued existence in saṃsāra. Included among them are the primary afflictions of desire (rāga), anger (dveṣa), and ignorance (avidyā). It is said that there are eighty-four thousand of these negative mental qualities, for which the eighty-four thousand categories of the Buddha’s teachings serve as the antidote.

Kleśa is also commonly translated as “negative emotions,” “disturbing emotions,” and so on. The Pāli kilesa, Middle Indic kileśa, and Sanskrit kleśa all primarily mean “to soil,” “to stain,” or “to defile.” The translation “affliction” is a secondary development that derives from the more general (non-Buddhist) classical understanding of kliś (“to harm,“ “to afflict”). Both meanings are noted by Buddhist commentators.

24 passages contain this term:

  • i.­25
  • 7.­10
  • 7.­12
  • 7.­13
  • 7.­16
  • 7.­24
  • 8.­20
  • 8.­34
  • 8.­35
  • 8.­37
  • 9.­4
  • 9.­5
  • 9.­9
  • 9.­10
  • 9.­12
  • 9.­18
  • 9.­27
  • 9.­28
  • 9.­31
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­8
  • n.­191
  • n.­300
  • n.­301

Links to further resources:

  • 60 related glossary entries
g.­99

Defining characteristic

  • mtshan nyid
  • མཚན་ཉིད།
  • svabhāvalakṣaṇa

70 passages contain this term:

  • i.­4
  • i.­8
  • i.­10
  • i.­11
  • i.­13
  • i.­14
  • i.­15
  • i.­17
  • i.­20
  • i.­21
  • i.­55
  • 1.­1
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­3
  • 3.­1
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­3
  • 3.­4
  • 3.­5
  • 3.­6
  • 3.­7
  • 4.­3
  • 4.­6
  • 4.­8
  • 4.­10
  • 4.­11
  • 4.­12
  • 6.­1
  • 6.­2
  • 6.­3
  • 6.­6
  • 6.­9
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­12
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­4
  • 7.­5
  • 7.­7
  • 7.­8
  • 7.­10
  • 7.­12
  • 7.­13
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­22
  • 7.­24
  • 8.­20
  • 8.­21
  • 8.­23
  • 8.­29
  • 8.­31
  • 9.­31
  • 10.­1
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­10
  • n.­76
  • n.­80
  • n.­82
  • n.­88
  • n.­92
  • n.­94
  • n.­124
  • n.­125
  • n.­133
  • n.­134
  • n.­151
  • n.­162
  • n.­163
  • n.­343
  • n.­370

Links to further resources:

  • 8 related glossary entries
g.­100

Defining characteristic

  • mtshan nyid
  • མཚན་ཉིད།
  • lakṣaṇa

8 passages contain this term:

  • i.­4
  • i.­10
  • i.­42
  • i.­55
  • n.­94
  • n.­185
  • n.­327
  • n.­370

Links to further resources:

  • 8 related glossary entries
g.­103

Demonstration

  • bshad pa
  • བཤད་པ།
  • deśana

4 passages contain this term:

  • i.­45
  • 10.­7
  • n.­340
  • n.­357
g.­104

Description

  • rnam par bsnyad pa
  • རྣམ་པར་བསྙད་པ།
  • vyākhyā

2 passages contain this term:

  • i.­16
  • 10.­7
g.­106

Determination

  • rnam par bzhag pa
  • རྣམ་པར་བཞག་པ།
  • vyavasthā

2 passages contain this term:

  • 10.­7
  • n.­124

Links to further resources:

  • 2 related glossary entries
g.­107

Dhāraṇī

  • gzungs
  • གཟུངས།
  • dhāraṇī

Also rendered here as “keeping it in mind,” “formula.”

6 passages contain this term:

  • i.­22
  • n.­191
  • n.­280
  • n.­363
  • g.­175
  • g.­229

Links to further resources:

  • 94 related glossary entries
g.­108

Dharma discourse

  • chos kyi rnam grangs
  • ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྣམ་གྲངས།
  • dharmaparyāya

5 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­33
  • 8.­41
  • 9.­33
  • 10.­12
  • n.­173

Links to further resources:

  • 16 related glossary entries
g.­110

Dharmodgata

  • chos ’phags
  • ཆོས་འཕགས།
  • Dharmodgata

A bodhisattva mahāsattva.

8 passages contain this term:

  • i.­2
  • i.­4
  • i.­50
  • p.­4
  • 2.­1
  • 2.­2
  • 2.­3
  • 2.­4

Links to further resources:

  • 2 related glossary entries
g.­113

Direct cognition

  • mngon sum gyi tshad ma
  • མངོན་སུམ་གྱི་ཚད་མ།
  • pratyakṣapramāṇa

6 passages contain this term:

  • i.­21
  • 10.­7
  • n.­329
  • n.­333
  • n.­340
  • n.­343
g.­117

Discipline

  • tshul khrims
  • ཚུལ་ཁྲིམས།
  • śīla

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Morally virtuous or disciplined conduct and the abandonment of morally undisciplined conduct of body, speech, and mind. In a general sense, moral discipline is the cause for rebirth in higher, more favorable states, but it is also foundational to Buddhist practice as one of the three trainings (triśikṣā) and one of the six perfections of a bodhisattva. Often rendered as “ethics,” “discipline,” and “morality.”

14 passages contain this term:

  • p.­3
  • 8.­23
  • 8.­32
  • 9.­2
  • 9.­4
  • 9.­9
  • 9.­10
  • 9.­11
  • 9.­12
  • 9.­18
  • 9.­23
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­12
  • g.­176

Links to further resources:

  • 31 related glossary entries
g.­118

Discourses teaching Dharma

  • chos gdags pa rnam par gzhag pa
  • ཆོས་གདགས་པ་རྣམ་པར་གཞག་པ།
  • dharmaprajñaptivyavasthā(pa)na

2 passages contain this term:

  • 8.­1
  • 8.­3
g.­121

Distinct

  • tha dad pa
  • ཐ་དད་པ།
  • bheda

24 passages contain this term:

  • i.­4
  • i.­8
  • i.­20
  • 3.­1
  • 3.­2
  • 3.­3
  • 3.­4
  • 3.­5
  • 3.­6
  • 3.­7
  • 4.­10
  • 4.­11
  • 4.­12
  • 8.­6
  • 8.­7
  • 8.­8
  • 8.­36
  • 9.­32
  • 9.­33
  • 10.­9
  • n.­82
  • n.­147
  • n.­181
  • n.­230

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­127

Domain of truth

  • chos kyi dbyings
  • ཆོས་ཀྱི་དབྱིངས།
  • dharmadhātu

8 passages contain this term:

  • i.­2
  • i.­19
  • i.­22
  • 8.­21
  • 9.­31
  • 9.­32
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­10

Links to further resources:

  • 59 related glossary entries
g.­130

Dvandva

  • —
  • —
  • dvandva

Type of Sanskrit compound.

4 passages contain this term:

  • i.­42
  • n.­40
  • n.­161
  • n.­230
g.­131

Effortless

  • lhun gyis grub pa
  • ལྷུན་གྱིས་གྲུབ་པ།
  • anābhoga

2 passages contain this term:

  • 8.­17
  • n.­365

Links to further resources:

  • 2 related glossary entries
g.­134

Emanation

  • sprul pa
  • སྤྲུལ་པ།
  • nirmāṇa

See n.­365.

3 passages contain this term:

  • i.­22
  • 10.­9
  • n.­365

Links to further resources:

  • 6 related glossary entries
g.­135

Emanation body

  • sprul sku
  • སྤྲུལ་སྐུ།
  • nirmāṇakāya

5 passages contain this term:

  • i.­21
  • i.­22
  • 10.­3
  • 10.­4
  • 10.­10

Links to further resources:

  • 10 related glossary entries
g.­137

Emptiness

  • stong pa nyid
  • སྟོང་པ་ཉིད།
  • śūnyatā

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

Emptiness denotes the ultimate nature of reality, the total absence of inherent existence and self-identity with respect to all phenomena. According to this view, all things and events are devoid of any independent, intrinsic reality that constitutes their essence. Nothing can be said to exist independent of the complex network of factors that gives rise to its origination, nor are phenomena independent of the cognitive processes and mental constructs that make up the conventional framework within which their identity and existence are posited. When all levels of conceptualization dissolve and when all forms of dichotomizing tendencies are quelled through deliberate meditative deconstruction of conceptual elaborations, the ultimate nature of reality will finally become manifest. It is the first of the three gateways to liberation.

16 passages contain this term:

  • i.­2
  • i.­8
  • i.­17
  • p.­1
  • 7.­19
  • 7.­30
  • 8.­29
  • 8.­30
  • 8.­31
  • 9.­18
  • n.­172
  • n.­186
  • g.­24
  • g.­188
  • g.­194
  • g.­409

Links to further resources:

  • 34 related glossary entries
g.­143

Essence

  • ngo bo nyid
  • ངོ་བོ་ཉིད།
  • svabhāva

42 passages contain this term:

  • i.­10
  • i.­11
  • i.­12
  • i.­13
  • i.­19
  • i.­22
  • i.­34
  • i.­58
  • 6.­4
  • 6.­9
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­2
  • 7.­4
  • 7.­6
  • 7.­8
  • 7.­9
  • 7.­17
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­22
  • 7.­24
  • 7.­25
  • 7.­26
  • 7.­27
  • 7.­28
  • 7.­30
  • 7.­31
  • 8.­26
  • 8.­29
  • 9.­18
  • 9.­26
  • 9.­32
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­8
  • n.­64
  • n.­124
  • n.­133
  • n.­147
  • n.­162
  • n.­163
  • n.­168
  • n.­169
  • g.­205

Links to further resources:

  • 6 related glossary entries
g.­149

Established

  • rnam par bzhag pa
  • རྣམ་པར་བཞག་པ།
  • vyavasthā

Also translated here as “posited” and “determination.”

18 passages contain this term:

  • i.­46
  • 2.­2
  • 3.­5
  • 3.­6
  • 4.­7
  • 8.­12
  • 9.­11
  • 9.­17
  • 10.­3
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­10
  • 10.­12
  • n.­121
  • n.­125
  • n.­330
  • n.­336
  • n.­339
  • g.­296

Links to further resources:

  • 2 related glossary entries
g.­152

Examine

  • ’jal ba
  • འཇལ་བ།
  • —

1 passage contains this term:

  • 2.­1
g.­155

Excellent Intelligence

  • legs pa’i blo gros
  • ལེགས་པའི་བློ་གྲོས།
  • sādhumatī

The name of a bodhisattva stage.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 9.­1
  • 9.­4

Links to further resources:

  • 6 related glossary entries
g.­161

Factors of conditioned existence

  • srid pa’i yan lag
  • སྲིད་པའི་ཡན་ལག
  • bhavāṅga

The twelve factors or links of conditioned existence are: ignorance (avidyā), mental formations (saṃskāra), consciousness (vijñāna), mind and matter (nāmarūpa), the six sense organs (ṣaḍāyatana), contact (sparśa), sensation (vedanā), craving (tṛṣṇā), clinging (upādāna), becoming (bhava), birth (jāti), aging and dying (jarāmaraṇa).

3 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­25
  • 8.­30
  • n.­337

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­164

Falsity

  • skyon chags pa
  • སྐྱོན་ཆགས་པ།
  • duṣṭatā

2 passages contain this term:

  • 3.­1
  • 6.­7
g.­165

Far Reaching

  • ring du song ba
  • རིང་དུ་སོང་བ།
  • dūraṅgamā

The name of a bodhisattva stage.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 9.­1
  • 9.­4

Links to further resources:

  • 7 related glossary entries
g.­167

Five faculties

  • dbang po lnga
  • དབང་པོ་ལྔ།
  • pañcendriyāṇi

The five faculties are those of (1) faith, (2) vigor, (3) mindfulness, (4) concentration (samādhi), and (5) wisdom (prajñā). These are similar to the five forces but in a lesser stage of development.

4 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­5
  • 7.­1
  • g.­162
  • g.­168

Links to further resources:

  • 25 related glossary entries
g.­168

Five forces

  • stobs lnga
  • སྟོབས་ལྔ།
  • pañcabalāni

Differing only in intensity, the five forces are similar to the five faculties: (1) faith, (2) vigor, (3) mindfulness, (4) concentration (samādhi), and (5) wisdom (prajñā).

4 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­5
  • 7.­1
  • g.­167
  • g.­174

Links to further resources:

  • 20 related glossary entries
g.­175

Formula

  • gzungs
  • གཟུངས།
  • dhāraṇī

“Formula” in the sense of a “mnemonic formula” encapsulating a method or key points in a few words. On the meaning of this term, see Braarvig 1985.

Also rendered here as “keeping it in mind,” “dhāraṇī.”

4 passages contain this term:

  • i.­22
  • 10.­8
  • g.­107
  • g.­229

Links to further resources:

  • 94 related glossary entries
g.­177

Four correct self-restraints

  • yang dag par spong ba bzhi
  • ཡང་དག་པར་སྤོང་བ་བཞི།
  • catvāri prahāṇāni

The four correct self-restraints are: giving up nonvirtues, avoiding nonvirtues, generating virtues, developing virtues. See Edgerton 1953, p. 389,2.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­5
  • 7.­1
  • g.­92

Links to further resources:

  • 19 related glossary entries
g.­178

Four kinds of assurance

  • mi ’jigs pa bzhi
  • མི་འཇིགས་པ་བཞི།
  • catvāri vaiśāradyāni

The four kinds of assurance of a tathāgata are (1) assurance concerning complete awakening (abhisambodhivaiśāradya, thams cad mkhyen pa la mi ’jigs pa ); (2) assurance concerning the destruction of the impurities (āsravakṣayavaiśāradya, zag pa zad pa mkhyen pa la mi ’jigs pa); (3) assurance concerning harmful things (antarāyikadharmavaiśāradya, bar du gcod pa’i chos la mi ’jigs pa); and (4) assurance concerning the path that leads to emancipation (nairyāṇikapratipadvaiśāradya, thob par ’gyur bar nges par ’byung ba’i lam la mi ’jigs pa). See Rahula 2001, p. 230, in which they are called “perfect self-confidence.”

1 passage contains this term:

  • 10.­7

Links to further resources:

  • 27 related glossary entries
g.­179

Four kinds of sustenance

  • zas bzhi
  • ཟས་བཞི།
  • catvārāhārāḥ

The four kinds of sustenance are the sustenance of material ingestion, the sustenance of contact, the sustenance of will, and the sustenance of consciousness.

4 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­2
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­25
  • g.­352

Links to further resources:

  • 3 related glossary entries
g.­181

Four noble truths

  • ’phags pa’i bden pa bzhi
  • འཕགས་པའི་བདེན་པ་བཞི།
  • catvāri āryasatyāni

The four noble truths, as stated in this sūtra, are: the comprehension of suffering, the abandoning of the cause of suffering, the actualization of the cessation of suffering, and the practice of the path.

7 passages contain this term:

  • 4.­3
  • 7.­1
  • 7.­30
  • 8.­36
  • 10.­7
  • g.­267
  • g.­375

Links to further resources:

  • 30 related glossary entries
g.­185

Gam­bhīrārtha­saṃdhi­nirmo­cana

  • don zab dgongs pa nges par ’grel
  • དོན་ཟབ་དགོངས་པ་ངེས་པར་འགྲེལ།
  • Gam­bhīrārtha­saṃdhi­nirmo­cana

A bodhisattva mahāsattva.

7 passages contain this term:

  • i.­2
  • i.­4
  • p.­4
  • 1.­1
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­4
  • 1.­6
g.­186

Gandharva

  • dri za
  • དྲི་ཟ།
  • gandharva

Type of being in Buddhist cosmogony.

2 passages contain this term:

  • p.­1
  • 10.­12

Links to further resources:

  • 114 related glossary entries
g.­187

Garuḍa

  • —
  • —
  • garuḍa

Type of being in Buddhist cosmogony.

1 passage contains this term:

  • p.­1

Links to further resources:

  • 79 related glossary entries
g.­188

Gates of liberation

  • rnam par thar pa’i sgo
  • རྣམ་པར་ཐར་པའི་སྒོ།
  • vimokṣamukha

Emptiness, appearancelessness, and wishlessness.

4 passages contain this term:

  • i.­2
  • p.­1
  • g.­24
  • g.­409

Links to further resources:

  • 12 related glossary entries
g.­189

Gāthā

  • tshigs su bcad pa
  • ཚིགས་སུ་བཅད་པ།
  • gāthā

A gāthā is a verse or stanza.

3 passages contain this term:

  • i.­53
  • n.­72
  • n.­363

Links to further resources:

  • 10 related glossary entries
g.­191

Gnosis

  • ye shes
  • ཡེ་ཤེས།
  • jñāna

29 passages contain this term:

  • i.­2
  • i.­6
  • i.­7
  • i.­8
  • i.­9
  • i.­13
  • i.­14
  • i.­17
  • i.­22
  • i.­56
  • 1.­4
  • 4.­9
  • 7.­11
  • 7.­12
  • 7.­18
  • 7.­19
  • 7.­20
  • 7.­23
  • 8.­25
  • 8.­36
  • 9.­4
  • 9.­9
  • 9.­10
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­10
  • n.­69
  • n.­191
  • n.­230
  • n.­287

Links to further resources:

  • 33 related glossary entries
g.­195

Guṇākara

  • yon tan ’byung gnas
  • ཡོན་ཏན་འབྱུང་གནས།
  • Guṇākara

A bodhisattva mahāsattva.

18 passages contain this term:

  • i.­2
  • i.­4
  • i.­53
  • p.­4
  • 6.­1
  • 6.­2
  • 6.­3
  • 6.­4
  • 6.­5
  • 6.­6
  • 6.­7
  • 6.­8
  • 6.­9
  • 6.­10
  • 6.­11
  • 6.­12
  • n.­133
  • n.­134
g.­197

Hard to Conquer

  • shin tu sbyang dka’
  • ཤིན་ཏུ་སྦྱང་དཀའ།
  • sudurjayā

The name of a bodhisattva stage.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 9.­1
  • 9.­4

Links to further resources:

  • 6 related glossary entries
g.­198

Hearer

  • nyan thos
  • ཉན་ཐོས།
  • śrāvaka

Definition from the 84000 Glossary of Terms:

It is usually defined as “those who hear the teaching from the Buddha and make it heard to others.” Primarily it refers to those disciples of the Buddha who aspire to attain the state of an arhat by seeking self-liberation and nirvāṇa. They are the practitioners of the first turning of the wheel of the Dharma on the four noble truths, who realize the suffering inherent in saṃsāra and focus on understanding that there is no independent self. By conquering disturbing emotions, they liberate themselves, attaining first the stage of stream enterers at the path of seeing, followed by the stage of once-returners who will be reborn only one more time, and then the stage of non-returners who will no longer be reborn into the desire realm. The final goal is to become an arhat. These four stages are also known as the “four results of spiritual practice.”

28 passages contain this term:

  • s.­1
  • i.­1
  • i.­2
  • i.­3
  • i.­13
  • i.­19
  • i.­21
  • p.­3
  • p.­4
  • 7.­14
  • 7.­15
  • 7.­16
  • 7.­28
  • 7.­30
  • 7.­33
  • 8.­20
  • 8.­21
  • 8.­32
  • 8.­34
  • 8.­41
  • 9.­31
  • 9.­32
  • 10.­2
  • 10.­6
  • 10.­10
  • n.­171
  • n.­226
  • g.­343

Links to further resources:

  • 102 related glossary entries
g.­200

How

  • ji tsam du
  • ཇི་ཙམ་དུ།
  • tāvatā
  • tāvat
  • yāvat

With the meaning of “truly, really, indeed.”

3 passages contain this term:

  • 3.­1
  • 4.­6
  • 7.­25

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­202

Illuminating

  • ’od byed pa
  • འོད་བྱེད་པ།
  • prabhākarī

The name of a bodhisattva stage.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 8.­16
  • 9.­1
  • 9.­4

Links to further resources:

  • 6 related glossary entries
g.­203

Image

  • gzugs brnyan
  • གཟུགས་བརྙན།
  • pratibimba

Also translated as “reflection.”

20 passages contain this term:

  • i.­16
  • i.­17
  • 8.­2
  • 8.­4
  • 8.­5
  • 8.­6
  • 8.­7
  • 8.­8
  • 8.­9
  • 8.­10
  • 8.­24
  • 8.­30
  • 8.­36
  • 8.­37
  • n.­181
  • n.­199
  • n.­200
  • n.­223
  • g.­258
  • g.­317

Links to further resources:

  • 5 related glossary entries
g.­204

Imaginary

  • kun brtags pa
  • ཀུན་བརྟགས་པ།
  • parikalpita

15 passages contain this term:

  • i.­6
  • i.­10
  • i.­12
  • i.­14
  • i.­15
  • 6.­11
  • 9.­18
  • 10.­7
  • n.­54
  • n.­64
  • n.­124
  • n.­125
  • n.­162
  • n.­164
  • n.­165

Links to further resources:

  • 2 related glossary entries
g.­206

Imaginary essence

  • kun brtags pa’i ngo bo nyid
  • kun brtags pa’i rang bzhin
  • ཀུན་བརྟགས་པའི་ངོ་བོ་ཉིད།
  • ཀུན་བརྟགས་པའི་རང་བཞིན།
  • parikalpitasvabhāva

5 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­10
  • 7.­13
  • 10.­7
  • n.­147
  • n.­163
g.­208

Immovable

  • mi g.yo ba
  • མི་གཡོ་བ།
  • acalā

The name of a bodhisattva stage.

3 passages contain this term:

  • 9.­1
  • 9.­4
  • n.­301

Links to further resources:

  • 6 related glossary entries
g.­211

Inconclusive

  • gcig tu ma nges pa
  • གཅིག་ཏུ་མ་ངེས་པ།
  • anaikāntikaḥ

3 passages contain this term:

  • 10.­7
  • n.­353
  • n.­357
g.­213

Inexpressible

  • brjod du med
  • བརྗོད་དུ་མེད།
  • anabhilāpya

17 passages contain this term:

  • i.­4
  • i.­6
  • i.­7
  • i.­56
  • 1.­1
  • 1.­2
  • 1.­3
  • 1.­4
  • 1.­5
  • 1.­6
  • 2.­2
  • 4.­1
  • 7.­24
  • 9.­26
  • n.­67
  • n.­71
  • g.­378

Links to further resources:

  • 2 related glossary entries
g.­214

Inference

  • rjes su dpag pa’i tshad ma
  • རྗེས་སུ་དཔག་པའི་ཚད་མ།
  • anumānapramāṇa

2 passages contain this term:

  • i.­21
  • 10.­7
g.­219

Insight

  • lhag mthong
  • ལྷག་མཐོང་།
  • vipaśyanā

41 passages contain this term:

  • i.­4
  • i.­16
  • i.­17
  • i.­18
  • i.­59
  • p.­1
  • 3.­7
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­2
  • 8.­3
  • 8.­4
  • 8.­5
  • 8.­6
  • 8.­9
  • 8.­10
  • 8.­12
  • 8.­13
  • 8.­14
  • 8.­15
  • 8.­16
  • 8.­17
  • 8.­18
  • 8.­19
  • 8.­20
  • 8.­24
  • 8.­25
  • 8.­26
  • 8.­32
  • 8.­33
  • 8.­34
  • 8.­35
  • 8.­36
  • 9.­18
  • 10.­10
  • n.­126
  • n.­186
  • n.­200
  • n.­230
  • n.­231
  • n.­239
  • n.­240

Links to further resources:

  • 33 related glossary entries
g.­220

Intelligence

  • blo gros
  • བློ་གྲོས།
  • mati

2 passages contain this term:

  • p.­1
  • 9.­4

Links to further resources:

  • 3 related glossary entries
g.­221

Intention

  • bsam pa
  • བསམ་པ།
  • āśaya

17 passages contain this term:

  • i.­19
  • i.­22
  • 5.­1
  • 6.­2
  • 7.­2
  • 7.­17
  • 7.­23
  • 7.­24
  • 9.­2
  • 9.­6
  • 9.­10
  • 9.­32
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­8
  • 10.­11
  • 10.­12
  • n.­230

Links to further resources:

  • 8 related glossary entries
g.­223

Investigation

  • dpyod pa
  • དཔྱོད་པ།
  • vicāra

In our text, the specific quality of vicāra is to remain mindful of nimitta in the sense of “mentally watching” or noting them without engaging in a more discursive way.

4 passages contain this term:

  • i.­16
  • 8.­17
  • 10.­5
  • g.­40

Links to further resources:

  • 6 related glossary entries
g.­225

Joy

  • dga’ ba
  • དགའ་བ།
  • prīti

10 passages contain this term:

  • p.­1
  • p.­4
  • 8.­11
  • 8.­15
  • 8.­18
  • 8.­37
  • 8.­40
  • 9.­4
  • 9.­14
  • g.­47

Links to further resources:

  • 5 related glossary entries
g.­226

Karmadhāraya

  • —
  • —
  • karmadhāraya

Type of Sanskrit compound.

8 passages contain this term:

  • i.­42
  • n.­40
  • n.­53
  • n.­76
  • n.­120
  • n.­162
  • n.­181
  • n.­370
g.­227

Keep it in mind

  • gzung bar bgyi
  • གཟུང་བར་བགྱི།
  • dhārayāmi

6 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­31
  • 7.­33
  • 8.­41
  • 9.­33
  • 10.­12
  • n.­267

Links to further resources:

  • 1 related glossary entry
g.­228

Keep it in mind

  • zung shig
  • ཟུང་ཤིག
  • dhāraya

(cf. Sanskrit text in Matsuda 2013, p. 940 ad Lamotte VIII.41). Dhāraya is a causative imperative of dhṛ-.

5 passages contain this term:

  • 7.­29
  • 7.­33
  • 8.­41
  • 9.­33
  • 10.­12
g.­230

Kinnara

  • —
  • —
  • kinnara

Type of being in Buddhist cosmogony.

1 passage contains this term:

  • p.­1

Links to further resources:

  • 79 related glossary entries
g.­231

Kīrtimat

  • grags pa can
  • གྲགས་པ་ཅན།
  • Kīrtimat

World of the tathāgata Viśālakīrti.

1 passage contains this term:

  • 2.­1
g.­233

Lacked certainty

  • yid gnyis can
  • ཡིད་གཉིས་ཅན།
  • vimati

2 passages contain this term:

  • 2.­1
  • 3.­1
g.­234

Latent disposition

  • bag la nyal
  • བག་ལ་ཉལ།
  • anuśaya

Also translated here as “predisposition.”

8 passages contain this term:

  • i.­9
  • i.­24
  • 9.­9
  • 9.­28
  • 9.­29
  • 10.­8
  • n.­148
  • g.­300

Links to further resources:

  • 10 related glossary entries
g.­235

Liberation

  • rnam par thar pa
  • རྣམ་པར་ཐར་པ།
  • vimokṣa

See Hayal 1978: 229.

14 passages contain this term:

  • i.­2
  • i.­6
  • i.­13
  • i.­60
  • 8.­10
  • 8.­21
  • 8.­24
  • 8.­29
  • 8.­37
  • 8.­40
  • 9.­18
  • 10.­2
  • 10.­10
  • n.­151

Links to further resources:

  • 23 related glossary entries
g.­239

Mahoraga

  • —
  • —
  • mahoraga

Type of being in Buddhist cosmogony.

1 passage contains this term:

  • p.­1

Links to further resources:

  • 71 related glossary entries
g.­240

Maitreya

  • byams pa
  • བྱམས་པ།
  • Maitreya

Bodhisattva of loving kindness; the next buddha to follow Śākyamuni..

49 passages contain this term:

  • i.­2
  • i.­4
  • i.­16
  • i.­18
  • i.­44
  • p.­4
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­3
  • 8.­5
  • 8.­6
  • 8.­7
  • 8.­8
  • 8.­9
  • 8.­10
  • 8.­11
  • 8.­12
  • 8.­13
  • 8.­14
  • 8.­15
  • 8.­16
  • 8.­17
  • 8.­18
  • 8.­19
  • 8.­20
  • 8.­21
  • 8.­22
  • 8.­23
  • 8.­24
  • 8.­25
  • 8.­26
  • 8.­27
  • 8.­28
  • 8.­29
  • 8.­30
  • 8.­31
  • 8.­32
  • 8.­33
  • 8.­34
  • 8.­35
  • 8.­36
  • 8.­37
  • 8.­38
  • 8.­39
  • 8.­40
  • 8.­41
  • n.­181
  • n.­185
  • n.­199
  • n.­200

Links to further resources:

  • 83 related glossary entries
g.­241

Manifest

  • mngon du gyur pa
  • མངོན་དུ་གྱུར་པ།
  • abhimukhī

The name of a bodhisattva stage.

2 passages contain this term:

  • 9.­1
  • 9.­4

Links to further resources:

  • 6 related glossary entries
g.­242

Mañjuśrī

  • ’jam dpal
  • འཇམ་དཔལ།
  • Mañjuśrī

The bodhisatva of wisdom.

17 passages contain this term:

  • i.­2
  • i.­4
  • i.­20
  • p.­4
  • 10.­1
  • 10.­2
  • 10.­3
  • 10.­4
  • 10.­5
  • 10.­6
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­8
  • 10.­9
  • 10.­10
  • 10.­11
  • 10.­12
  • n.­370

Links to further resources:

  • 109 related glossary entries
g.­243

Mātṛkā

  • ma mo
  • མ་མོ།
  • mātṛkā

An early name for the Abhidharmapiṭaka and also a germinal list or index of topics.

6 passages contain this term:

  • i.­21
  • i.­22
  • 10.­4
  • 10.­5
  • 10.­7
  • 10.­8

Links to further resources:

  • 2 related glossary entries
g.­244

Meaning of true reality

  • de kho na’i don
  • དེ་ཁོ་ནའི་དོན།
  • tattvārtha

1 passage contains this term:

  • 10.­7
g.­247

Mental elaboration

  • spros pa
  • སྤྲོས་པ།
  • prapañca

9 passages contain this term:

  • i.­7
  • i.­20
  • i.­25
  • 1.­6
  • 8.­40
  • 9.­14
  • 9.­18
  • 10.­1
  • 10.­8

Links to further resources:

  • 6 related glossary entries
g.­252

Mental stillness

  • zhi gnas
  • ཞི་གནས།
  • śamatha

36 passages contain this term:

  • i.­4
  • i.­16
  • i.­17
  • i.­18
  • p.­1
  • 3.­7
  • 8.­1
  • 8.­2
  • 8.­3
  • 8.­4
  • 8.­5
  • 8.­6
  • 8.­9
  • 8.­11
  • 8.­12
  • 8.­13
  • 8.­14
  • 8.­15
  • 8.­16
  • 8.­17
  • 8.­18
  • 8.­19
  • 8.­20
  • 8.­24
  • 8.­25
  • 8.­26
  • 8.­32
  • 8.­33
  • 8.­34
  • 8.­35
  • 8.­36
  • n.­186
  • n.­199
  • n.­231