co.

Table of Contents

s.

Summary

s.­1

The Dhāraṇī “Tārā’s Own Promise” is a short dhāraṇī invoking the goddess Tārā.

ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.­1

Translated by Samye Translations under the guidance of Phakchok Rinpoche. The translation and introduction were produced by Stefan Mang and reviewed and edited by Ryan Conlon.

The translation was completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.

i.

Introduction

i.­1

The Dhāraṇī “Tārā’s Own Promise” is, as the title suggests, framed as a promise made by the goddess Tārā. Tārā, whose name can be translated as “Savior,”1 is revered in diverse Buddhist communities as a deity who quickly responds to the needs of all in the face of worldly and spiritual dangers.

i.­2

The worship of Tārā in India can be traced back to at least the sixth century, and since that time the goddess has gained increasingly important status in the Buddhist pantheon.2 Tibetan histories recount that worship and practice of the deity Tārā was introduced to Tibet as early as the seventh century via a sandalwood statue brought by the Nepalese princess Bhṛkuṭī as dowry for her marriage to the Tibetan king Songtsen Gampo.3 While a few texts dedicated to Tārā were translated in the following centuries,4 it is believed that the worship of Tārā did not take firm root in Tibet until the eleventh century, when it was actively promoted by Atīśa.5

i.­3

The Dhāraṇī “Tārā’s Own Promise” can be divided into two parts: the dhāraṇī and a statement of its benefits. The dhāraṇī itself was not translated into Tibetan but was instead preserved in transliterated Sanskrit. The Tibetan text lacks a colophon, so the Tibetan translators and editors of the dhāraṇī remain unidentified.

i.­4

This work is cataloged in the Degé Kangyur6 as part of a cycle of eight Kriyātantra (bya rgyud) texts (Toh 724–731) dedicated to the goddess Tārā. The dhāraṇī recorded here is also preserved in Butön Rinchen Drup’s (bu ston rin chen grub, 1290–1364) Dhāraṇī Collection (gzungs bsdus) from his Collected Works (gsung ’bum),7 and is found in a short Sanskrit ritual manual collected in the Sādhanamālā and preserved in Tibetan translation as The Instructions on the Ritual of Blessed Āryatārā from the Essence of Amitābha Tantra (Amitābhagarbhatantre bhagavatyārya­tārāyāḥ kalpoddeśaḥ, Toh 3501).8 The colophon to the Tibetan translation states that this dhāraṇī is an extract from The Supreme Vajra Tantra (rdo rje mchog gi brgyud), while the colophon to Toh 3501 and the Sanskrit witness in the Sādhanamālā state that it comes from the Amitābhagarbha­tantra.9 There are, however, no extant texts with either of these titles.

i.­5

In attempting to establish the text of the dhāraṇī presented here, we have consulted the Comparative Edition (dpe bsdur ma) Kangyur and Butön’s Dhāraṇī Collection. The texts preserved in the Sādhanamālā edition and in the Tengyur are generally similar to each other, but they differ in a few significant ways from the dhāraṇī found in the present text. Our own rendering, therefore, is based on the best available Kangyur readings but also includes conjectures informed by the Sādhanamālā text and related Sanskrit manuscripts. The English translation of the verses following the dhāraṇī are based on the Tibetan version in the Degé Kangyur collection, in consultation with the variant readings recorded in the Comparative Edition (dpe bsdur ma) Kangyur.

The Noble Dhāraṇī
Tārā’s Own Promise
1.

The Translation

[F.160.a]


1.­1

Homage to Noble Tārā!


1.­2

Tārā proclaimed The Dhāraṇī “Tārā’s Own Promise”:

tad yathā | oṁ tāre tārāyai hūṁ hūṁ hūṁ samaya­sthite bhara bhara sarvābharaṇa­vibhūṣite padme padme10 mahā­padmāsana­sthite hasa hasa trailokyavarade sarva­deva­dānava­pūjite smarāhi bhagavati tāre smarāhi bhagavatas11 tathāgatasya purataḥ samayaṃ dhara dhara mahā­sattvāvalokite maṇi­kanaka­vicitrābharaṇe | oṁ vilokāya (insert name)12 bhagavati13 tāre hrīṁ hrīṁ hrīṁ phaṭ svāhā |14

1.­3

By merely recalling this dhāraṇī all dangers will be eliminated, all accomplishments will be attained, and all sentient beings will be brought under control. [F.160.b] On the eighth or fifteenth day of the moon, make vast offerings to Noble Tārā and then recite this dhāraṇī until you perceive Tārā directly. Whatever you desire will be given to you, and all boons will be granted. If you are not given these things, I will have committed the five acts with immediate retribution; but otherwise, immeasurable benefits will come.


1.­4

This was extracted from The Supreme Vajra Tantra.

1.­5

This concludes the noble dhāraṇī “Tārā’s Own Promise.”

n.

Notes

n.­1
Tārā’s name is a causative derivation from the root √tṝ (“to cross”), meaning “to cause to cross,” i.e., “to rescue.”
n.­2
In her PhD dissertation, Rachael Stevens (2010) provides a comprehensive introduction to the goddess Tārā via a literary review (pp. 11–21) and an exploration of the history of Tārā worship (pp. 20–45), the Tārā pantheon (pp. 46–56) and key Buddhist texts relating to Tārā (pp. 57–62).
n.­3
Beyer 1978, pp. 5–6. We find this episode in Butön Rinchen Drup’s History of Buddhism (Obermiller 1932, vol. 2, p. 184) and dramatized in Sonam Gyaltsen’s The Clear Mirror (Sonam Gyaltsen 1996, pp. 124–27).
n.­4
The Denkarma (ldan dkar ma) catalog of early translations, for example, lists only two works dedicated to Tārā that were translated during this time. Following Herrmann-Pfandt’s edition (2008), these are no. 439: ’phags pa lha mo sgrol ma’i mtshan brgya rtsa brgyad pa (Tāra­devī­nāmāṣṭa­śataka, Toh 728) and no. 454: ’phags pa lha mo sgrol ma ’jigs pa thams cad las sgrol bar bstod pa (according to Herrmann-Pfandt, the identification of this title remains uncertain). One could further include no. 388: ’phags pa spyan ras gzigs kyi yum (Avalokiteśvara­mātā­dhāraṇī, The Dhāraṇī “The Mother of Avalokiteśvara”), which, while it does not mention the goddess Tārā, was nevertheless included within the Degé Kangyur section of Tārā-related scriptures (Toh 724–731) as Toh 725.
n.­5
Beyer 1978, pp. 5–13; Landesman 2008, p. 59; Stevens 2010, pp. 36–37.
n.­6

This text, Toh 1002, and all those contained in this same volume (gzungs, waM), are listed as being located in volume 101 of the Degé Kangyur by the Buddhist Digital Resource Center (BDRC). However, several other Kangyur databases‍—including the eKangyur that supplies the digital input version displayed by the 84000 Reading Room‍—list this work as being located in volume 102. This discrepancy is partly due to the fact that the two volumes of the gzungs ’dus section are an added supplement not mentioned in the original catalog, and also hinges on the fact that the compilers of the Tōhoku catalog placed another text‍—which forms a whole, very large volume‍—the Vimala­prabhā­nāma­kāla­cakra­tantra­ṭīkā (dus ’khor ’grel bshad dri med ’od, Toh 845), before the volume 100 of the Degé Kangyur, numbering it as vol. 100, although it is almost certainly intended to come right at the end of the Degé Kangyur texts as volume 102; indeed its final fifth chapter is often carried over and wrapped in the same volume as the Kangyur dkar chags (catalog). Please note this discrepancy when using the eKangyur viewer in this translation.

n.­7
Butön Rinchen Drup, gsung ’bum, folio 218.b.6–7.
n.­8
For the Sanskrit text, see sādhana no. 108 in Bhattacharyya 1925.
n.­9
Bhattacharyya 1925, p. 221.
n.­10
Here we follow the reading padme padme from the Sādhana­mālā instead of the Tibetan padmani padma.
n.­11
The text has been emended to the genitive form of the term bhagavat to align syntactically with the following term tathāgatasya. Though this form is not attested in the available Tibetan witnesses, it is the implied syntax of the Sanskrit compound bhagavattathāgataº attested in the Sādhana­mālā.
n.­12
As indicated by the inserted Tibetan term che ge mo, the reciter is instructed here to insert the name of the person to whom this dhāraṇī is directed.
n.­13
We follow the reading of the Sādhana­mālā, bhagavati, instead of the Degé reading bhagavate.
n.­14
This can be tentatively translated as “Oṁ. Tārā! Hūṁ hūṁ hūṁ to Tārā. She who is firm in her samaya! Bear it! Bear it! She who is adorned with all ornaments! Lotus! Lotus! She who sits on a great lotus seat! Laugh! Laugh! Granter of boons to the three worlds! She who is worshiped by devas and dānavas! Recollect! Tārā, Blessed Lady! Recollect! Uphold, uphold the samaya in front of the blessed Thus-Gone One! O great deity who surveys all beings everywhere! She who is ornamented with various jewels and gold! Oṁ! Tārā, Blessed Lady, look upon (insert name), Hrīṁ hrīṁ hrīṁ svāhā!”
b.

Bibliography

Primary Sources

sgrol ma rang gis dam bcas pa’i gzungs (*Tārā­svapratijñā­nāma­dhāraṇī). Toh 730, Degé Kangyur vol. 94 (rgyud, tsha), folios 222.a–222.b.

sgrol ma rang gis dam bcas pa’i gzungs (*Tārā­svapratijñā­nāma­dhāraṇī). Toh 1002, Degé Kangyur vol. 101 (gzungs, waM), folios 160.a–160.b.

sgrol ma rang gis dam bcas pa’i gzungs. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–2009, vol. 94, pp. 594–96.

’od dpag med kyi snying po’i rgyud las bcom ldan ’das ma ’phags ma sgrol ma’i rtog pa gsung pa (Amitābhagarbha­tantre bhagavatyārya­tārāyāḥ kalpoddeśa) [The Instructions on the Ritual of Blessed Āryatārā from the Essence of Amitābha]. Toh 3501, Degé Tengyur vol. 77 (rgyud, mu), folio 153.a.

spyan ras gzigs yum gi gzungs (Avalokiteśvara­mātā­dhāraṇī). Toh 725, Degé Kangyur vol. 94 (rgyud, tsha), folios 200.b–202.a; Toh 909, Degé Kangyur vol. 100 (gzungs, e), folios 240.a–241.b. English translation in Samye Translations (2021).

pho brang stod thang ldan dkar gyi chos kyi ’gyur ro cog gi dkar chag [Denkarma]. Toh 4364, Degé Tengyur vol. 206 (sna tshogs, jo), folios 294.b–310.a.

lha mo sgrol ma’i mtshan brgya rtsa brgyad pa (Tāra­devī­nāmāṣṭa­śataka). Toh 728, Degé Kangyur vol. 94 (rgyud, tsha), folios 219.a–222.a.

Bhattacharyya, Benoytosh, ed. The Sādhanamālā Vol I. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1925.

Butön Rinchen Drup (bu ston rin chen grub). “sgrol ma ’jigs pa brgyad skyob kyi sngags.” In gsung ’bum rin chen grub [Collected Works], vol. 16 (ma), folio 218.b. Lhasa: zhol par khang, 2000.

Secondary Sources

Beyer, Stephan. The Cult of Tārā: Magic and Ritual in Tibet. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. Die lHan kar ma: ein früher Katalog der ins Tibetische übersetzten buddhistischen Texte. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2008.

Landesman, Susan. “Goddess Tārā: Silence and Secrecy on the Path to Enlightenment.” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 24, no. 1 (Spring 2008): 44–59.

Samye Translations, trans. The Dhāraṇī “The Mother of Avalokiteśvara” (Avalokiteśvara­mātā­dhāraṇī, Toh 725, 909). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2021.

Obermiller, Eugéne, trans. and ed. History of Buddhism (Chos ḥbyung) by Bu-ston. Vol. 2, The History of Buddhism in India and Tibet. Materialien zur Kunde des Buddhismus 19. Heidelberg: O. Harrassowitz, 1932.

Samye Translations, trans. The Hundred and Eight Names of the Goddess Tārā (Toh 728). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2022.

Sonam Gyaltsen. The Clear Mirror: A Traditional Account of Tibet’s Golden Age. Translated by Taylor McComas. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 1996.

Stevens, Rachael. “Red Tārā: Lineages of Literature and Practice.” PhD diss., Oxford University, 2010.

g.

Glossary

Types of attestation for Sanskrit names and terms

AS

Attested in source text

This term is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript used as a source for this translation.

AO

Attested in other text

This term is attested in other Sanskrit manuscripts of the Kangyur or Tengyur.

AD

Attested in dictionary

This term is attested in Tibetan-Sanskrit dictionaries.

AA

Approximate attestation

The attestation of this name is approximate. It is based on other names where Tibetan-Sanskrit relationship is attested in dictionaries or other manuscripts.

RP

Reconstruction from Tibetan phonetic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the Tibetan phonetic rendering of the term.

RS

Reconstruction from Tibetan semantic rendering

This term is a reconstruction based on the semantics of the Tibetan translation.

SU

Source Unspecified

This term has been supplied from an unspecified source, which most often is a widely trusted dictionary.

g.­1

Atīśa

  • a ti sha
  • ཨ་ཏི་ཤ།
  • atīśa

The Indian master Atīśa Dīpaṅkaraśrījñāna (982–1054) is renowned in the history of Tibetan Buddhism for coming to Tibet and revitalizing Buddhism there during the early eleventh century.

g.­2

Bhṛkuṭī

  • khro gnyer can
  • ཁྲོ་གཉེར་ཅན།
  • bhṛkuṭī

According to Tibetan historical sources, the Nepalese princess who married the Tibetan king Songtsen Gampo. She is believed to have arrived in Tibet in either 632 or 634.

g.­3

dānava

  • lha ma yin
  • ལྷ་མ་ཡིན།
  • dānava

As a subclass of asuras, dānavas are a class of nonhuman beings antagonistic to the devas (gods) and a consistently disruptive force in Indic mythology.

g.­4

dhāraṇī

  • gzungs
  • གཟུངས།
  • dhāraṇī

The term dhāraṇī has the sense of something that “holds” or “retains,” and as such can refer to the special capacity of practitioners to memorize and recall detailed teachings. It can also refer to a verbal expression of the teachings‍—an incantation, spell, or mnemonic formula that distills and “holds” essential points of the Dharma and is used by practitioners to attain mundane and supramundane goals. The same term is also used to denote texts that contain such formulae.

g.­5

five acts with immediate retribution

  • mtshams med pa lnga
  • མཚམས་མེད་པ་ལྔ།
  • pañcānantarya

Acts for which one will be reborn in hell immediately after death, without any intervening stages; they are (1) killing one’s master or father, (2) killing one’s mother, (3) killing an arhat, (4) maliciously drawing blood from a buddha, and (5) causing a schism in the saṅgha.

g.­6

Songtsen Gampo

  • srong btsan sgam po
  • སྲོང་བཙན་སྒམ་པོ།
  • —

617–650; a famous king from Tibet’s Imperial Period.

g.­7

Tārā

  • sgrol ma
  • སྒྲོལ་མ།
  • tārā

A goddess whose name can be translated as “Savior.” She is known for giving protection and is variously presented in Buddhist literature as a great bodhisattva or a fully awakened buddha.

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