སྐུ་གསུམ་པའི་མདོ།

The Sūtra on the Three Bodies

Trikāya­sūtra

འཕགས་པ་སྐུ་གསུམ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།

’phags pa sku gsum zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo

The Noble ‌Mahāyāna Sūtra “The Three Bodies”

Ārya­trikāya­nāma­mahā­yāna­sūtra

Toh 283

Degé Kangyur, vol. 68 (mdo sde, ya), folios 56.a–57.a.

Translated by the Buddhavacana Translation Group
under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha

v 2.1 2013 - 2016

84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha is a global non-profit initiative that aims to translate all of the Buddha’s words into modern languages, and to make them available to everyone.

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s.

Summary

s.1As the title suggests, this sūtra describes the three bodies of the Buddha. While the Buddha is dwelling on Vulture Peak in Rājgṛha, the Bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha asks whether the Tathāgata has a body, to which the Buddha replies that the Tathāgata has three bodies: a dharmakāya, a saṃbhogakāya, and a nirmāṇakāya. The Buddha goes on to describe what constitutes these three bodies and their associated meaning. The Buddha explains that the dharmakāya is like space, the saṃbhogakāya is like clouds, and the nirmāṇakāya is like rain. At the end of the Buddha’s elucidation, Kṣitigarbha expresses jubilation, and the Buddha declares that whoever upholds this Dharma teaching will obtain immeasurable merit.

ac.

Acknowledgements

ac.1Translation by the Buddhavacana Translation Group, Vienna, under the supervision of Khenpo Konchok Tamphel. Translated into English by Rolf Scheuermann and Casey Kemp.

This translation has been completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.

i.

Introduction

i.1The setting of this sūtra is Vulture Peak in Rajgir (Rājgṛha), said to be the location where the Buddha, explaining the doctrine of emptiness in the second turning of the wheel of Dharma, taught the prajñā­pāramitā and other topics associated with Mahāyāna Buddhism. It is here that the bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha asks the Buddha a series of questions regarding the body of the Buddha, which the Buddha answers by expounding the teaching on the three bodies.

i.2The doctrine of the Buddha’s three bodies (trikāya) has tended to be associated with the Yogācāra school of Buddhist thought, although the terms dharmakāya and rūpakāya (form body) are certainly to be found in sūtras such as the Aṣṭa­sāhasrikā­prajñā­pāramitā­sūtra.1 It has been suggested that sūtras such as the Trikāyasūtra may have evolved after such Yogācāra treatises as the Mahā­yāna­sūtrālaṃkāra.2

i.3This tri-fold scheme can also be interpreted as describing different aspects of enlightenment or buddhahood itself. The dharmakāya, sometimes translated as the “truth body” or “reality body,” generally refers to the essential nature of the Buddha, as is stated in this sūtra. The saṃbhogakāya and the nirmāṇakāya, known collectively as the form bodies, are understood as emanations of the dharmakāya, or essential nature, of the Buddha. In other words, they are the manifestations of the enlightened activity of the Buddha. The saṃbhogakāya, sometimes translated as “enjoyment body,” is the apparitional form the Buddha takes for bodhisattvas and practitioners in meditative states or in dreams. The nirmāṇakāya, sometimes translated as “manifestation body,” is the physical form of the Buddha that can be seen by any sentient being. The Buddha, who is able to emanate in countless forms, does so in order to liberate beings through the illumination and demonstration of the Dharma. All three bodies3 are ultimately considered inseparable.

i.4This is the only known sūtra in the Tibetan Kangyur solely dedicated to teaching the doctrine of the three bodies. The Buddha explains here how one should view the bodies of the Buddha using analogies, and relates the three bodies to other relevant Buddhist doctrines such as the four wisdoms.4

i.5This sūtra was first translated by W. Woodville Rockhill in his 1884 publication of The Life of the Buddha and the Early History of His Order. There is currently no known extant version in Sanskrit, and among the different published Tibetan versions of the source text, there do not seem to be any significant variants.

tr.

The Translation

The Noble ‌Mahāyāna Sūtra

The Three Bodies

1.1 [F.56.a] Homage to all buddhas and bodhisattvas!


1.2Thus did I hear at one time. The Blessed One was dwelling on Vulture Peak Mountain in Rājgṛha. He was accompanied by his entire retinue, by immeasurable, countless bodhisattvas, and by gods and nāgas. They paid respect to the Blessed One and made offerings to him.

1.3At that time, the bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha, who was sitting among the retinue, rose from his seat and asked, “Has the Blessed One a body?”

The Blessed One replied, “Kṣitigarbha, the Blessed One, the Tathāgata, [F.56.b] has three bodies: a dharmakāya, a saṃbhogakāya and a nirmāṇakāya. Son of a noble family, the three bodies of the Tathāgata are these: the pure nature is the dharmakāya, pure meditative absorption is the saṃbhogakāya, and pure conduct is the nirmāṇakāya of all buddhas.

1.4“Son of a noble family, the dharmakāya of the Tathāgata consists in the fact that he has no nature, just like the sky. His saṃbhogakāya consists in the fact that he comes forth, just like a cloud. His nirmāṇakāya consists in the activity of all the buddhas, the fact that it soaks everything, just like rain.”

1.5The bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha then asked the Blessed One, “How should one view this explanation on the three bodies of the Blessed One?”

The Blessed One answered the bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha, “Son of a noble family, you should view the three bodies of the Tathāgata in the following way. The dharmakāya should be viewed as that which is the essence of the Tathāgata. The saṃbhogakāya should be viewed as that which is the essence of the bodhisattvas. The nirmāṇakāya should be viewed as that which is the essence of ordinary beings who conduct themselves devotedly.

1.6“Son of a noble family, the dharmakāya remains the same nature for all the buddhas. The saṃbhogakāya remains the same meditative absorption for all the buddhas. The nirmāṇakāya remains the same awakened activity for all the buddhas.

“Son of a noble family, the basis-of-all in its pure state is mirror-like wisdom, the dharmakāya. The afflicted mind in its pure state is the wisdom of equality. Mental cognition in its pure state is discriminating wisdom, the saṃbhogakāya. The five sense cognitions in their pure state are all-accomplishing wisdom, the nirmāṇakāya.”

1.7The bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha then exclaimed to the Blessed One, “Blessed One, the noble Dharma that I have heard from the Blessed One [F.57.a] is excellent, Sugata, really excellent!”

The Blessed One then declared, “Son of a noble family, whoever fully upholds this Dharma discourse of the Blessed One will obtain merit that is immeasurable, inexpressible, incalculable and unfathomable.”

1.8When the Blessed One had spoken, the world, including the bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha, the gods, nāgas, yakṣas, and gandharvas rejoiced and praised the teachings of the Blessed One.

c.

Colophon

c.1This concludes the Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra, The Three Bodies.5

n.

Notes

1For more on the philosophical considerations of the three bodies, see Harrison (1992) pp 44-94.
2See Makransky (1997) pp.274.
3Some Mahā­yāna works such as the Abhi­samayālaṃkāra of Maitreya also mention a fourth body, a svā­bhāvika­kāya, or “innate body.” There are conflicting interpretations by Indian and Tibetan commentators as to the relationship between the svā­bhāvika­kāya and the dharma­kāya. For more on the four bodies, see Makransky (1997).
4For information on the relationship between the three bodies and four wisdoms in Buddhist literature, see Brunnhölzl (2009) pp.71-76.
5The colophon makes no mention of who the Tibetan translators were, and the Degé catalogue (dkar chag, vol. 103, lak+Sh+mI, F.133.a.3) states that this is not known.
b.

Bibliography

’phags pa sku gsum zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Ārya­trikāya­nāma­mahā­yāna­sūtra). Toh 283. Degé Kangyur, vol. 68 (mdo sde, ya), folios 56a–57a.

’phags pa sku gsum zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripiṭaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006-2009, vol. 68 (mdo sde, ya), pp 168-170.

Brunnhölzl, Karl (2009). Luminous Heart: The Third Karmapa on Consciousness, Wisdom, and Buddha Nature. Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications, 2009.

Harrison, Paul (1992). “Is the Dharma-kāya the Real ‘Phantom Body’ of the Buddha?” In The Journal of the International Association for Buddhist Studies Vol. 15 No 1, 1992. pp 44-94.

Makransky, John J. (1997). Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet. SUNY Series in Buddhist Studies. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.

Nagao, Gadjin M. Mādhyamika and Yogācāra: A Study of ‌Mahāyāna Philosophies. Leslie S. Kawamura (Trans.) Albany: State University of New York, 1991.

Rockhill, W. Woodville (Trans.) The Life of the Buddha and The Early History of His Order Derived from Tibetan Works in the Bkah-hgyur and Bstan-hgyur. London: Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill, 1884.

g.

Glossary

g.1

Afflicted mind

nyon mongs pa’i yid

ཉོན་མོངས་པའི་ཡིད།

kliṣṭamana

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g.2

All-accomplishing wisdom

bya ba grub pa’i ye shes

བྱ་བ་གྲུབ་པའི་ཡེ་ཤེས།

kṛtyānuśṭhāna­jñāna

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g.3

Basis-of-all

kun gzhi

ཀུན་གཞི།

ālaya

Here, probably the short form for ālayavijñāna.

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g.4

Blessed One

bcom ldan ’das

བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས།

Bhagavat

Epithet of the Buddha.

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g.5

Bodhisattva

byang chub sems dpa’

བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།

bodhisattva

According to the Mahāyāna, an individual with the intent to achieve awakening for the sake of all beings.

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g.6

Dharmakāya

chos kyi sku

ཆོས་ཀྱི་སྐུ།

dharmakāya

Dharmakāya or body of dharma refers to the Buddha’s realization of reality. Sometimes translated “truth body” or “reality body.” In other contexts, particularly in early texts, the term may also refer to the Buddha’s qualities as a collective whole, or to his teachings as embodying him.

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g.7

Discriminating wisdom

so sor kun du rtog pa’i ye shes

སོ་སོར་ཀུན་དུ་རྟོག་པའི་ཡེ་ཤེས།

pratyavekṣaṇā­jñāna

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g.8

Emptiness

stong pa nyid

སྟོང་པ་ཉིད།

śūnyatā

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g.9

Five sense cognitions

sgo lnga’i rnam par shes pa

སྒོ་ལྔའི་རྣམ་པར་ཤེས་པ།

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g.10

Form bodies

gzugs kyi sku

གཟུགས་ཀྱི་སྐུ།

rūpakāya

See “rūpakāya.”

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g.11

Gandharvas

dri za

དྲི་ཟ།

gandharva

Gandharvas, literally “smell-eaters,” are a class of spirits, sometimes described as celestial musicians. In other contexts the term can also refer to beings in the bardo-state.

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g.12

Kṣitigarbha

sa’i snying po

སའི་སྙིང་པོ།

Kṣitigarbha

An important bodhisattva disciple of the Buddha.

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g.13

Mahāyāna

theg pa chen po

ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ།

mahāyāna

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g.14

Mental cognition

yid kyi rnam par shes pa

ཡིད་ཀྱི་རྣམ་པར་ཤེས་པ།

manovijñāna

Just as the five sense cognitions occur on the basis of the five sense faculties, mental cognition is the cognition that occurs on the basis of the mind faculty.

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g.15

Mirror-like wisdom

me long lta bu’i ye shes

མེ་ལོང་ལྟ་བུའི་ཡེ་ཤེས།

ādarśajñāna

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g.16

Nāgas

klu

ཀླུ།

nāga

Snake-like mystical creature with supernatural powers belonging to the animal realm.

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g.17

Nirmāṇakāya

sprul pa’i sku

སྤྲུལ་པའི་སྐུ།

nirmāṇakāya

Nirmāṇakāya or body of manifestation. Aspect of buddhahood perceptible to ordinary individuals with good karma.

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g.18

Prajñā­pāramitā

shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa

ཤེས་རབ་ཀྱི་ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ།

prajñā­pāramitā

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g.19

Rājgṛha

rgyal po’i khab

རྒྱལ་པོའི་ཁབ།

Rājgṛha

Town close to Nālānda in the modern state of Bihar.

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g.20

Rūpakāya

gzugs kyi sku

གཟུགས་ཀྱི་སྐུ།

rūpakāya

Used to refer to the two form bodies of the Buddha, i.e. the nirmāṇakāya and the saṃbhogakāya.

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g.21

Saṃbhogakāya

longs spyod rdzogs pa’i sku

ལོངས་སྤྱོད་རྫོགས་པའི་སྐུ།

saṃbhogakāya

Saṃbhogakāya or body of enjoyment. Aspect of buddhahood perceptible to bodhisattvas.

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g.22

Tathāgata

de bzhin gshegs pa

དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ།

Tathāgata

Epithet of the Buddha.

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g.23

Three bodies

sku gsum

སྐུ་གསུམ།

trikāya

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g.24

Vulture Peak Mountain

bya rgod phung po’i ri

བྱ་རྒོད་ཕུང་པོའི་རི།

Gṛ̥dhra­kūṭa-parvata

Name of a mountain close to Rājgṛha. It is famous as the place where the Buddha is said to have taught the Prajñāpāramitā and other teachings.

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g.25

Wisdom of equality

mnyam pa nyid kyi ye shes

མཉམ་པ་ཉིད་ཀྱི་ཡེ་ཤེས།

samatājñāna

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g.26

Yakṣas

gnod sbyin

གནོད་སྦྱིན།

yakṣa

Yakṣas or harm givers. A class of mostly malevolent spirits.

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g.27

Yogācāra

rnal ’byor spyod pa

རྣལ་འབྱོར་སྤྱོད་པ།

yogācāra

Influential philosophical school belonging to Mahāyāna Buddhism.

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0

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